考点30阅读理解细节理解题--备战2021年高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过.docx

考点30 阅读理解细节理解题高考频度：在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；3. 以According to 开头提问方式；4. 以填空题的形式，如：（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised_. （2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that_.（3）It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_.（4）If you are interested in knowing about what peoples life will be, you may visit_. （5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that_ . （6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to_.5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句仔细品味，对照比较确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：题型一 描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。【2020·全国卷I，B】Returning to a book youve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. Theres a welcome familiarity but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books dont change, people do. And thats what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative. The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. Its true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, its all about the present. Its about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight. There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingways A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, its his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillards Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázars Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar. While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, its you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends. 25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast? A. Its a brief account of a trip. B. Its about Hemingways life as a young man. C. Its a record of a historic event. D. Its about Hemingways friends in Paris. 【答案与解析】25. B 事实细节题 根据第三段 . its his classic memoir of 1920s Paris an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. 可知，流动的盛宴(A Moveable Feast) 是海明威回忆年轻时在巴黎的生活的自传。题型二 信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。（1）补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。（2）联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel. =telephone number Ph. =phone Add (r). =address co. =company Ltd=LimitedMax=maximum Min=minimumhr=hour t=timefig=figure ft=foot ml=mile doz=dozenMt=Mountain P=pageprof. =professor Dr. =doctors=south n=north w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versusXmas=Christmas info=information VIP=very important persons hrs=hoursaft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of ArtsBS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)【2020·全国卷I，A】Train Information All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13-12-30. While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services. Lost property (失物招领) Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services. The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station. Public holidays On public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days, i.e. Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate. Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable. Before travel please visit .au or call TransLink on 13-12-30 anytime. Customers using mobility devices Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms. For assistance, please call Queensland Rail on 13-16-17. Guardian trains (outbound) DepartOriginDestination Arrive6:42pm AltandiVarsity Lakes 7:37pm7:29pmCentralVarsity Lakes 8:52pm11:02pmRoma StreetVarsity Lakes 12:22am21. What would you do to get ticket information? A. Call 13 16 17. B. Visit .au. C. Ask at the local station. D. Check the train schedule. 22. At which station can you find the lost property office? A. Altandi. B. Roma Street. C. Varsity Lakes. D. Fortitude Valley. 23. Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes? A. 6:42pm. B. 7:29pm. C. 8:57pm. D. 11:02pm.【答案与解析】21. C 事实细节题 根据第一段 For ticket information, please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30. 可知答案。 22. B 事实细节题 根据 Lost property 中的 The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located (位于) at Roma Street station. 可知答案。 23. B 事实细节题 根据 Guardian trains (outbound) 中的题型三 数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。【2020·黑龙江工农鹤岗一中高三开学考试，A】Magical History TourJoin us for our fifth annual exploration of fascinating historic sites around Greater Portland that youve never seen or maybe didnt even know existed! The Magical History Tour is your key to unlocking fascinating historical places that are not usually open to the public.It is a self-guided adventure guaranteed to amaze and amuse both adults and children.Equipped with a map，and at your own pace，you will be greeted by guides at each location ready to share the history of the tour stop.In the 5th year of the Magical History Tour，we will be presenting an exciting mix of both new sites and favorites from the past four years.The Magical History Tour check in begins at 9:45 am at Maine Historical Societys Brown Library.At this time，you will find out where the tour will take you as you receive your map and ticket into each site.Follow us on Facebook，Twitter，and Instagram for updates，chances to win tickets and some other exciting opportunities；and feel free to share your tour experiences to our social media pages using # MHStour!Time:10:00 am4:00 pm，Saturday，May 11，2019Location:485 Congress StreetTickets:Get your tickets online，by calling us at 207-774-1 822，or by visiting our Museum Store at 489 Congress Street.$25Adult MHS Member；$35Adult General Admission；$5Juniors under age 18.Volunteering:We need volunteers for the Magical History Tour! Volunteers help for half the day of the tour and are given a free ticket to the tour to enjoy either before or after their volunteer shift!For more information，email us at eventsmainehistory org or call us at 207-774-1822.22How much should a couple(one is MHS Member)and a kid pay?A$55.B$65.C$75.D$105.【答案】22B【解析】22细节理解题。根据Tickets部分中Get your tickets online，by calling us at 207-774-1 822，or by visiting our Museum Store at 489 Congress Street.$25Adult MHS Member；$35Adult General Admission；$5Juniors under age 18.可知一对其中一个是MHS成员的夫妻和一个孩子需要付：25+35+5=65美元。故选B。题型四 排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用首尾定位法，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。 A few years ago, my husband and I were on an island for a week with our two little daughters. As we talked about what to do next, our daughters jumped in and told us exactly what they wanted to do. We agreed.As soon as we walked into the main area of Butterfly Museum, we saw thousands of beautiful butterflies. They all flew with their colorful wings. My girls were jumping up and down. And I knew we had made the right decision to come to the museum. They were having so much fun.I turned to our guide and asked curiously，“How long do butterflies live?”she said, “About ten days.”"What can butterflies do in ten days?”The guide stopped, looked at me and said, “They make the world a more beautiful place.”After we said goodbye, I couldn't stop thinking about what the guide had said. She was right. We all have something to offer the world. If we all spend time doing what we can do for others, we can make the world a better place.5Which is the proper time order of what happened?a. The girls enjoyed themselves in Butterfly Museum.b. My husband and I talked about what to do next.c. The guide told me how the butterflies spent their life.d. I kept thinking about the guides words.AbacdBabdcCadbcDabcd【答案】5A【解析】5细节理解题。本文是细节题中的排序题，根据第一段可知作者和丈夫在讨论接下来做什么，孩子建议我们去蝴蝶博物馆，在那里她们玩得很开心，作者问向导蝴蝶的有关情况，向导告诉作者蝴蝶一生就是让这个世界更为美丽，我一直在思考向导说的话，给了我启示。故A项正确。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法先从问题中抓住关键性词语。题型五 图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。The Home of My PeopleWhen Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land. Other chiefs refused to go along with the governments plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）. “In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ”he once explained, “my father planted poles around it and said: Inside is the home of my peopleIt circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ”But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move. Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. 1. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of todays Nez Perce Reservation? A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar. C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. 2. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? A. They were in the state of Oregon. B. They have become a historic site. C. They have become much smaller. D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley.【答案与解析】1.D 此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点。可以看到 Chief Looking Glass camp位于Nez Perce Reservation的南部。2.C 从地图中我们可以看到， Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地比现在Nez Perce保留区的位置大多了。6代词指代题解题技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【2020·山东威海高三二模，B】The way Jason Momoa describes Hawaiis beloved inactive volcano, Mauna Kea, makes you understand why its considered sacred(神圣的)."Its kind of the umbilical cord(脐带) to earth," the actor tells CNN. "You know, if you think about the Hawaiian islands, thats the biggest mountain in the world, right? All the way up. So Mauna Kea is the most sacred. We call it the belly button, too. Thats like our birthplace. Thats how our islands were formed. So how can that not be sacred?"He would know. Jason, a native of Hawaii, has had a near-constant presence there when hes not working, fighting with local protestors to stop the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope, or TMT, which would drill directly into the mountain and invade its precious water supply. So far, protestors have successfully blocked the only road crews seeking to go up the mountain in order to build the billion-dollar observatory."It started in 2015. Whats happening over there was just not right," Jason says. "And I went over there to meet with everyone to bring the point to the world." Jason joins the protests when he can. He cared so deeply about the preservation of the land that when he had spare time to lend his support, he was there. "You also have to remember, thats our water source. So having an 18-story building built on top of the tallest mountain from the sea level on our water level is terrible."The Game of Thrones star says he feels the movement is working and describing his part in it as a calling to do what he feels right in his soul. "Theres massive progress thats bringing our pe