2021届高三大题优练3 阅读理解 说明文 教师版.docx

优选例题【例题】（2020·全国III卷）With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, who lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married.28. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?A. Nick.B. Rita.C. KathrynD. The daughters.29. What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?A. Positive.B. Carefree.C. Tolerant.D. Unwilling.30. What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on?A. Family traditions.B. Financial reports.C. Published statistics.D. Public opinions.31. What is the text mainly about?A. Lifestyles in different countries.B. Conflicts between generations.C. A housing problem in Britain.D. A rising trend of living in the UK.【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.D【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又甚感孤独，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。1.细节理解题。根据第三段“but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。由此可知，Rita在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中占用一楼。故选B项。2.推理判断题。根据第五段“From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”可知，尼克对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A项。3.细节理解题。第六段提到官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。第七段则说25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述是基于发布的统计数据。故选C项。4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又甚感孤独，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国该种生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。模拟优练(一)Human societies developed food preferences based on what was available and what the group decided it liked most. Those preferences were then passed along as socially learned behaviors, values, knowledge and customs that make up culture. Besides humans, many other social animals are believed to exhibit forms of culture in various ways, too.In fact, according to a new study led by Harvard scientist Liran Samuni, bonobos(倭黑猩猩), one of our closest living relatives, could be the latest addition to the list.The researchers studied the hunting and feeding habits of two neighboring groups of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Analyzing the data, they saw many similarities in the lives of the two bonobo groupsthe Ekalakala and the Kokoalongo. They also both have the access and opportunity to hunt the same kind of prey(猎物). This, however, is precisely where researchers noticed a striking difference.The groups consistently preferred to hunt and feast on two different types of prey. The Ekalakala group went after an anomalure (鳞尾松鼠). The Kokoalongo group on the other hand, favored a duiker(小羚羊).“Its basically like two human cultures exploiting a common resource in different ways,” says Samuni. “Think about two cultures living close to each other but having different preferences: One prefers chicken while the other is more of a beef-eating culture.”Using statistical modeling, the researchers found that the only variable that could reliably predict prey preference was whether the hunters were team Ekalakala or team Kokoalongo.The researchers haven't yet investigated how the bonobo groups learned this hunting preference, but through their analysis they were able to rule out ecological factors or genetic differences. Basically, it means all evidence points toward this being a learned social behavior.“If our closest living relatives have some cultural traits(特征), then it's likely our ancestors already had some capacity for culture,” Samuni says.5. What do paragraphs 3 and 4 mainly talk about?A. The findings of the study.B. The background of the study.C. The process of the study.D. The challenges of doing the study.6. How does Samuni perceive the two bonobo groups different hunting preferences?A. They are an unusual phenomenon.B. They are a learned social behavior.C. They contradict human cultures.D. They show bonobos high intelligence.7. Which of the following could influence the bonobos' prey preference?A. The timing of hunting.B. The communities they belong to.C. Their hunting techniques.D. Their surrounding environment.8. What might the findings of the bonobos' hunting preference indicate?A. When human society was born.B. How human society developed.C. What helped human culture change.D. How human culture first appeared.【答案】5.A 6. B 7. B 8. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了哈佛大学科学家Liran Samuni领导的一项新研究，倭黑猩猩可能是我们现存的最亲密的亲戚之一，并且对其进行研究观察，来证明这一种习得的社会行为。5主旨大意题。根据文章第三段The researchers studied the hunting and feeding habits of two neighboring groups of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo研究人员研究了刚果民主共和国两个相邻的倭黑猩猩群体的狩猎和进食习惯。和文章第四段The groups consistently preferred to hunt and feast on two different types of prey. The Ekalakala group went after an anomalure(鳞尾松鼠). The Kokoalongo group on the other hand, favored a duiker(小羚羊).这两组动物一直喜欢捕食两种不同类型的猎物。埃卡拉卡拉小组寻找一个鳞尾松鼠。另一方面，科科阿隆戈部落更喜欢小羚羊。可知，文章第三段和第四段主要讲述了研究的发现。故选A。6推理判断题。根据文章第五段:这基本上就像是两种人类文化以不同的方式开发同一种资源，Samuni说。“想想两种文化，虽然相距很近，但却有着不同的偏好：一种更喜欢吃鸡肉，而另一种则更喜欢吃牛肉。”和文章倒数第二段:研究人员还没有调查倭黑猩猩群体是如何了解这种狩猎偏好的，但通过分析，他们能够排除生态因素或遗传差异。基本上，这意味着所有的证据都表明这是一种习得的社会行为。可知，Samuni认为两个倭黑猩猩群体不同的狩猎偏好是一种习得的社会行为。故选B。7推理判断题。根据文章第六段:利用统计模型，研究人员发现，唯一能可靠预测猎物偏好的变量是猎人是埃卡拉卡拉队还是科科阿隆戈队。可知，它们所属的群体会影响倭黑猩猩的猎物偏好。故选B。8推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句Human societies developed food preferences based on what was available and what the group decided it liked most人类社会的食物偏好是建立在现有食物和群体最喜欢的食物的基础上的。和文章最后一段If our closest living relatives have some cultural traits(特征), then it's likely our ancestors already had some capacity for culture如果我们现存的近亲有一些文化特征，那么很可能我们的祖先已经有了一些文化能力。可推知，倭黑猩猩狩猎偏好的发现可能表明人类文化最初是如何出现的。故选D。(二)Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic(流行病) are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and marine creatures trapped in the incredible number of abandoned facial coverings littering on animal habitats.Single-use surgical masks have been found thrown around pavements, waterways and beaches worldwide since countries began demanding their use in public places to slow the pandemic's spread. Macaques(猕猴) have been spotted chewing the straps(带子) off old and deserted masks in Malaysia a potential choking danger for the little monkeys. And in an incident that captured headlines in Britain, a gull(海鸥) was rescued in the city of Chelmsford after its legs became tangled（缠结）in the straps of a disposable mask for up to a week. The animal welfare charity was alerted after the bird was spotted motionless but still alive, and they took it to a wildlife hospital for treatment before its release.The biggest impact may be in the water. More than l. 5 billion masks made their way into the world's oceans last year. Accounting for around 6,200 extra tons of marine plastic pollution, according to environmental group Oceans Asia. Already there are signs that masks are worsening threats to marine life. Conservationists in Brazil found one inside the stomach of a penguin after its body was washed up on a beach, while a dead pufferfish(河豚) was discovered caught inside another off the coast of Miami.Masks and gloves are “particularly problematic” for sea creatures，says George Leonard, chief scientist from U. S. -based NGO Ocean Conservancy. "When it takes those plastics hundreds of years to break down in the environment, they form smaller and smaller particles," he added, "those particles then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems."Fortunately, there has been a shift towards greater use of reusable cloth masks as the pandemic has worn on，but many are still choosing the lighter single- use varieties.Campaigners have urged people to throw away them properly and remove the straps to reduce the risk of animals becoming trapped. Oceans Asia has also called on governments to increase fines for littering and encourage the use of washable masks.9. What role do masks play during the coronavirus pandemic?A. They keep people free of the pandemicB. They make people look more mysterious.C. They help reduce the speed of the pandemic's spread.D. They are of great helpful to wildlife.10. The author uses the example of Macaques and a gull to show that .A. the deserted masks put them in dangerB. the animals lack enough foodC. they enjoy playing with the strapsD. it's time for people to protect the animals11. What does “particularly problematic” in Para. 4 mean by George Leonard?A. Marine creatures are in trouble.B. Masks and gloves will finally threaten the whole ecosystems.C. The plastics are easy to break down.D. The particles masks and gloves form are smaller and smaller.12. What is the passage is mainly about?A. Animal protectionB. Marine plastic pollutionC. How to reduce the risk of abandoned masksD. The deserted masks endangering wildlife【答案】9.C 10. A 11. B 12. D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。在新型冠状病毒大流行（流行病）期间帮助拯救生命的口罩大量地散落在动物栖息地，正被证明是野生动物、海洋生物的致命危险。9细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic(流行病) are proving a deadly danger for wildlife在冠状病毒大流行期间口罩帮助拯救生命和第二段最后一句to slow the pandemic's spread减缓流行病的蔓延。可知口罩有助于减缓大流行病的传播速度。故选C项。10推理判断题。根据第二段提到，自从各国开始要求在公共场所使用一次性外科口罩来减缓这种流行病的蔓延以来，全球各地的人行道、水道和海滩都发现了一次性外科口罩。猕猴咀嚼口罩带子存在窒息危险，一只海鸥（海鸥)的腿在一次性口罩的带子上缠住长达一周，可推断得出遗弃的口罩使野生动物面临危险。故选A项。11推理判断题。由第四段When it takes those plastics hundreds of years to break down in the environment, they form smaller and smaller particles,” he added, “those particles then enter the food chain and impact entire ecosystems.这些塑料需要数百年的时间在环境中分解，它们会形成越来越小的颗粒，他补充说，这些颗粒随后进入食物链，影响整个生态系统。可知，口罩和手套最终会威胁到整个生态系统。故选B项。12主旨大意题。根据第一段Masks that helped save lives during the coronavirus pandemic are proving a deadly danger for wildlife, with birds and marine creatures trapped in the incredible number of abandoned facial coverings littering on animal habitats.事实证明，在冠状病毒大流行期间曾帮助拯救生命的口罩对野生动物来说是一种致命的危险，大量被遗弃的面部覆盖物在动物栖息地随处散落，鸟类和海洋生物受到威胁。所以短文主要是关于废弃的口罩危及野生动物。故选D项。(三)As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the suns energy back into space abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.But, as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters, some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world cant wait for better solutions.One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere where those particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at Cornell University.“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. Whats still unclear, he added, is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest fires?”Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar impacts.13Why do researchers and government agencies work on cooling the earth?ATo prevent natural disasters.BTo win more time to reduce gas emissions.CTo imitate volcanic eruptions.DTo encourage more people to bur fossil fuels.14What are researchers worried about in terms of global warming?AMore volcanoes will throw out.BMore solar energy will go into space.CMore disasters will endanger the future of the world.DPeople will keep burning fossil fuels to keep warm.15What can be inferred from Douglas words in an interview?AHe thinks more research remains to be done.BHe is optimistic about the effect of cooling the earth.CHe is concerned about the reduction in agriculture production.DHe disapproves of the practice of solar climate intervention.16What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean?AThe rainfall pattern of a region.BThe modest drop in temperature.CThe number of extreme weather events.DThe injection amount of aerosol.【答案】13.B 14.C 15. A 16. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。13细节理解题。根据第一段提到，随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放。可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢