专题04 动词和动词短语-备战2022年中考英语冲刺精讲精练.docx

专题04动词和动词短语精讲动词和动词短语动词是英语中最核心的词类，历来是英语考试中考查频率最高、比重最大的实词，可以说掌握好了动词，就具备了在英语考试中取得成功的基础。考生在平时的英语学习中要重视对动词及动词词组的学习、理解、整理和记忆，不断积累动词相关知识，进而在考试时做到得心应手。动词可以从以下几方面来进行总结：一、实义动词 实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词:按其持续性可分为延续性和短暂性动词。 1.不及物动词(1)本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的实义动词，叫作不及物动词。 常见不及物动词有:swim，cry，stand，lie，sit等 (2)有些动词既可以用作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词。如start (3)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它的作用就相当于一个及物动词，也叫短语动词。主要有五种形式:动词+介词;动词+副词;动词+副词+介词;动词+名词+介词;be+形容词+介词。 2.及物动词 及物动词术身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。其结构有: 宾语 如:How long may I keep the book(宾语)，这本书我可以借多久? 及物动词 + 宾语+宾语补足语 如:I saw the children(宾语)play(宾补)this afternoon. 间接宾语+直接宾语 如:Please give me(间接宾语)the pen(直接宾语)。二、及物动词(短语)+直接宾语+间接宾语 (1)英语中有些动词可以带两个宾语，这些动词大多具有“给予”的含义。如:He lent me a book.他借给我一本书。动词后面带有表示动作结果的直接宾语(a book)和表示动作目标的间接宾语me。 Please tell me how the accident came about.请告诉我事故是怎样发生的。(me为间接宾语，how引导的宾语从句为直接宾语。) (2)间接宾语在大多数情况下位于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾语之前必须加“to”(表示动作对什么人而做)或“for”(表示为什么人而做)。如:He sent me a card=He sent a card to me.She bought me a coat. =She bought a coat for me.三、及物动词十宾语+宾语补足语 “宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 We all find him a nice boy.我们都发现他是一个不错的男孩。( him为宾语，a nice boy为宾补) (1)形容词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的状态或特性，前面常见的动词有make, keep, get, find, wish, leave，see，prove，consider，set等。 Who left the window open，谁把窗户开着的? (2)名词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份或情况。前面常见的动词有call, name, make, elect, think, find，consider等。 They made him captain of the ship.他们选他当了船长。 (3)不定式作宾语补足语，表示宾语所代表的人和物所做的动作。 They forbade her to leave the country.他们禁止她离开这个国家。 (4)现在分词作宾语补足语表示宾语正在进行的动作，过去分词作宾语补足语表示与宾语之间的被动关系。 I found my teacher working at the desk.我发现老师IE伏案工作。 He raised his voice to make himself heard.他提高声音让别人听到他(说的话)。 拓展常接v. -ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find等感官动词和look at, listen to等动词短语以及have, keep, get, make等使役动词。 (5)介词短语或副词作宾语补足语。 Please make yourself at home.请随便一点。 I found him in /out.我发现他在家/不在家。方法技巧 (1)有些感宫动词和使役动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语时不定式符号“to”该省略。这些词是see, watch，look at, notice，observe, fee1, listen to, hear, make, let, help。 (2)当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用it作为形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式/动名词/从句”。四、延续性动词和短暂性动词 (1)短暂性动词:表示瞬间动作，动作一发生便立即结束。这些动词包括:hit, jump, tap, knock, marry，close，die，arrive，post，come，fall，leave，go，come，break，find，lose，give，join，borrow，lend，become，buy，receive，start，begin，graduate，finish，sell，kill，stop等。 (2)延续性动词:表示动作可以持续。这些动词包括;read, play, talk, write, eat, drink, wait, live，work，study，walk，run，rain，snow，fly，be，have等。 由这两类动词的性质决定，英语的瞬间动词不能在现在完成时句子中与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。只有延续性动词才可以在现在完成时句子中与这类时间状语连用。如: Tom和Peter成为朋友已经许多年了。 (误)Tom and Peter have become friends for many years. (正)Tom and Peter have been friends for many years. 方法技巧 非延续性动词如何表达延续的意义? (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如:leavebe away, borrow keep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sthkeep sth open, fall illbe ill, catch a coldshave a cold。 (2)将句中表示“时间段”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语。 (3)用句型“It is+时间段+since .”表达。 (4)用句型“时间+has passed+since.”表达。 (5)终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示时间段的状语连用。如:He hasn't left here since 2002. (6)终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成“not +终止性动词+until! till .”的句型，意为“直到才”。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.五、系动词 (1)系动词+表语 构成“系表结构”。be动词am，is，are，was，were 表示“感觉”look看起来，smell闻起来，taste尝起来，sound听起来，feel摸起来表示“变化”become，turn，get，go，grow，fall，come，run 表示“保持，仍然”keep，remain，stay，stand，continue，lie，sit，prove 表示“似乎”appear，seem 知识归纳 (1)be(最常用的系动词，后面可跟各式各样的表语)还可以用在很多固定短语中，如be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be careful of, be keen on, be productive of, be fond of, be sure of等。 (2)感官系动词表示“起来”，有feel摸起来，感觉)， smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来，吃起来)等。如:She's not feeling well this morning.今天早上她觉得不太舒服。六、几个常常容易混淆的系动词 (1)表示变化的系动词用来表示主语变成什么样，各有侧重: become和turn后可跟名词作表语，其他则不能。如: His father became/turned a worker last year.去年他父亲成了一名工人。 表示天气变化，常用get。如: It's getting dark. Let's go home.天快黑了，我们回家吧。 表示由一种状态转到另一种状态，常用turn。如: His face turned pale. He must be ill.他的脸变得苍白，他一定是病了。 表示长高、变老，常用grow。如: Your little sister grows much taller now.你妹妹现在长高了许多。 fa11后面只接少数形容词，主要为asleep, ill, vacant, silent。 go用作系动词，在多数情况下只跟形容词，而且只能跟某些形容词。侧重向坏的方向转变。如mad, pale, purple, wrong, sick, blind, sour, tired, independent, white, gray, dead, hungry等。如: I went pale at the news.听到这个消息我一下子脸色苍白。 run表示“变成(什么样子)”，后面主要跟一些形容词。如: My blood ran hot with excitement. run还可以用在run high, run low, run wild, run strong, run small, run loose, run short of, run out of等词组中。 (2)seem: 表示“看来”“似乎”，后面可以跟： 形容词:She seems sad today. 分词: He seems lacking in enthusiasm. 名词:It seems to me the best solution. 介词短语:He seemed in low spirits. (3)stay: 表示“保持(某种状态)”，后面主要跟形容词，有时也跟介词短语或过去分词。如： I stayed single for many years. Mother wants me to stay out of trouble. Please stay seated. (2)注意: 系动词不用于进行时态和被动语态。 几乎所有的连系动词都能接形容词作表语，但是要注意二者之间的习惯搭配。如:turn red(脸)红了，go bad(食物)变质了，fall ill病倒了，come true(愿望)实现了等等。精彩笔记7 动词词义及动词短语辨析 (1)英语中动词有很多是近义或同义的。它们有的形似意不同，有的意同但用法不同，要细心掌握它们的区别。在使用时，特别要注意具体的语言环境。在日常学习过程中要注意小结。 动词辨析主要包括:形状相近的动词辨析，如lie, lay, hanged, hung, raise, rise, sit, seat等。 意义相近的动词辨析，如accept, receive, arrive, get to, reach, wear, put on, have on, dress等。 意义不同但容易混淆的动词辨析，如find, find out, invent, discover, uncover, take, bring, fetch, carry等。 常用动词习惯用法的辨析(后接双宾语或复合宾语)，如see, hear, make, get, have, find, tell, want, allow等。 中心动词构成的词组辨析，如turn on, turn downturn off, turn over, turn upturn into等。 动词与其他词形相似、意义相近的词的辨析，如advice, advise, practice, practise, pass, past, choose, choice, effect, affect等。方法技巧 (1)扩大词汇量。复习时不能拘泥于教材中单词和词组的表面含义，要大胆地对其深层含义进行挖掘和理解。如:go out除了表示“出去”外，还可以挖掘出以下含义:出国，发出去，贴出去，下台，结束，罢工，辞职，过时，死去，消失，压塌，(火)熄灭，出去工作，出去参加社交活动，等等。 (2)熟练掌握重点动词的用法，同义词和近义词的辨析，以便在测试语境中正确运用。 (3)熟练掌握以break, bring, call，do, get, give, go, have, keep, make, set, take, turn, work等为中心词构成的词组在造句和语篇中的恰当使用。精练动词和动词短语（）1Now， Mum to fish with a long knife bought from GermanyAis used；cutBused；cuttingCis used；cuttingDused； cut（）2一Are you going to Shanghai to enjoy the exhibition this Friday？一I'm not sure It time（）Aturns on Bdepends onCtries onDcarries on（）3A notice was in order to remind the students of the changed speech timeAsent up Bgiven upCset upDput up（）4When you talk to people，you'd better to show that you're friendly to themAcross arms Blook downClook at them in the eyesDhold down your head（）5Who should we ask to _ the plan？David He is organized and thoughtfulAcarry out Bgo outCput outDrun out（）6You can't predict everythingOften things don't as you expectArun out Bbreak outCwork outDput out（）7 Nowadays， teenagers seldom do any housework at home No， they don't Doing homework _ most of their timeAtakes upBtakes offCtakes awayDtakes down（）8"One Belt，One Road （一带一路）"will help to _ markets for China as well as other countries alongAput up Blook upCtake upDopen up（）9Last July， North Korea has conducted its fifth nuclear test its largest to date!That's too bad The North Korea leaders should the risk of starting a warAput offBtry out forCthink aboutDtake away（）10The UK is _ four parts， England， Scotland， Wales and Northern IrelandAmade ofBmade fromCmade up ofDmade out of（）11We are learning what we should do if a fire Abreaks downBbreaks outCbreaks intoDbreaks through（）12The car broke down suddenly on the country road and the heavy rain at night the helplessness of the poor driverAresulted fromBmade upCturned outDadded to（）13China Dream is a great way to gather people together and _ the fast development of our countryAtry out forBfit forCpush forDcheer for（）14When something is wrong with your robot，it might _ in your flatAmake a messBmade a messCmakes a messDmade mess（）15She fell asleep very soon as the tough work had most of her energyAgiven up Btaken upCtidied upDset up（）16I would rather _ than _ with himAlaugh at； quarrel Bto laugh at； to quarrelCbe laughed at； quarrel Dto be laughed； to be quarreled（）17Do you know our new manager？YesHe _ to be a friend of my brother'sAturns up Bturns onCturns offDturns out（）18. Jimmy, the books are everywhere in your study.Sorry, Mom. I'll _ at once.A.put them on B. put them away C. put them out D. put them up（）19.Joe, don't eat too much icecream.OK, mom. But it _ really good.A. feels B. looks C. tastes D. sounds（）20.What do you think of the shirt on sale?It _ nice, but it doesn't feel so soft.A. sounds B. looks C. tastes D. smells（）21A good student what he reads what he sees around himAcompares，toBcompares，withCconsiders，toDcomplains，to（）22 Do you mind beside you， sir？ I alone to enjoy the musicAmy sitting； Better not； used to sitBmy to sit； Of course not； am used to sittingCme sitting； I'm sorry but I do； have been used to sittingDme to sit； Never mind； was used to sitting（）23Don't you think your hair is too long？Yes I am going to have it soon（）AcutBcutsCcuttingDto cut（）24The English teacher keeps advising us _ moreAto practice speakingBpracticing to speakCto practise to speakDpracticing speaking（）25When you travel abroad， you can hardly avoid products made in ChinaAto buyBbuyingCbuyDbe bought（）26The time he has devoted in the past years the disabled is now considered to be great value him（）Ato help，of，forBto helping，/，toCto help，in，ofDto helping，of，to（）27If we pay attention a little power in our daily life， everyone can make a contribution the environmentAto save； to protecting Bto saving； to protectCsaving； protecting Dto saving； to protecting（）28The plan they are considering improving greatlyAneedingBneededCneedDneeds（）29Students used to information from newspapers or magazines，but now they are used to for it on the Internet directly（）Aget； searchBget； searchingCgetting； searchingDgetting； search（）30 Mark Twin said， "The only way to keep your is to eat what you don't want， drink what you don't like， and do what you'd rather not " Mark Twain traveled in all his life His adventure aboard is the material of his worksAhealth； anywhereBhealthy； everywhereChealth； nowhereDhealthy； somewhere（）31I never doubt _ the places of interest is worth _Awhether；visitingBthat；to visitCwhether；a visitDthat：a visit（）32一How much difficulty did the team have this problem？一_The members are good problem solversAto solve；NothingBsolving；NoneCto solve；NoneDsolving；Nothing（）33I remembered _ the door before I left the office， but forgot to turn off the lightAlocking BlockedCto lockDlock（）34Today the forests are getting fewer and fewerWe must _ down too many treesAkeep people cutting Bprevent people from cuttingCstop people to cutting Dall the above（）35The mother felt herself cold and her hands trembled(颤抖)as she read the letter from the battlefield(战场). A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown （）36I smell something in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt （）37A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending，but the reader must not be left . A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied （）38How long could I your English-Chinese dictionary? Only one day，please. A. keep B. borrow C. lend D. get （）39The Chinese national women's badminton team the Japanese team by 3:1 in India on May 24. A. won B. lost C. beat D. missed （）40What happens when you hear a strange noise at night, or find a big spider in the corner of your bedroom? It often makes us . A. jump B. to jump C. jumping D. jumped答案解析1C句意：现在，妈妈习惯于用从德国买来的长刀切鱼used to do sth 表示过去常常做某事，而be used to doing sth 表示习惯于做某事结合句意故选C2B句意：这个星期五你要去上海看展览吗？不确定取决于时间A打开，B取决于，C试穿，D继续；根据预猜句意"不确定取决于时间"可知，要填"取决于"故选：B3D句意：为了提醒学生们演讲时间的改变，一张通知被张贴了A发射B放弃C建立D张贴结合语境"为了提醒学生们演讲时间的改变，一张通知被_了"可知，应该是"张贴"故选：D4C句意：当你和别人交谈时，你应当看着他们的眼睛表明你对他们很友好A手臂交错 B往下看 C看着他们的眼睛 D低着头，选项C符合题意故选：C5A句意：我们应该请谁来执行这个计划？David他做事有条理，有思想A 执行 B出去 C熄灭 D用光，根据 to _ the plan，可知是"执行计划"故选：A6C 句意：你不能预测一切，往往事情不象你期望的那样run out用完；break out战争或火灾爆发；work out解决；put out 熄灭结合句意故选C7A 句意：现在青少年们在家很少做家务是的，他们很少做做家庭作业占了他们大多数的时间A占据； B起飞，脱掉； C带走； D记下，拿下故选：A8D 句意：一带一路将开发中国以及沿途国家的市场A举起 B向上看；查词典 C拿起 D开发，选项D符合题意，故选D9C 句意：去年七月，朝鲜进行了第五次核试验，这是迄今为止最大的一次核试验这太糟糕了朝鲜领导人应该考虑发动战争的风险A延期B角逐C考虑D剥夺结合语境可知，应该是"考虑"故选：C10C句意：英国由四部分组成，英国、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰选项A意为：由制成，能看出原料，选项B意为：由制成，不能看出原料，选项C意为：由组成选项D意为：由制成结合句意故选C11B句意：我们正在学习如果火灾爆发了，我们应该怎么做A表示出毛病、失败、分解等 B表示爆发 C表示强行进入、闯入 D表示突破 故选：B12D句意：汽车在乡间路上突然抛锚，晚上的大雨使这个可怜的司机感到无助分析句子，结合选项，推测意思为车在乡间路上突然抛锚，晚上的大雨使这个可怜的司机感到无助，考查短语动词的辨析此处应用add to "增添"，又因为时态为一般过去时，所以是added to，A项"由引起"；B项"组成，化妆"；C项"证明是，结果是"故选D13C句意："中国梦"是把人们凝聚在一起的一个非常好方式，并将推动我国的快速发展try out for尝试；fit for适合；push for推动；cheer for为加油，为欢呼根据 the fast development of our country，可知在这里应该是推动我国的快速发展push for推动故选C14A句意：当你的机器人出了问题，会让你的公寓一片混乱might是情态动词，后加动词原形，故选Amake a mess意思为"制造混乱"15B句意：她很快就睡着了，因为棘手的工作占据了她大部分精力give up放弃，take up占据，tidy up整理，set up建立，结合句意可知是工作占据了她的精力，故答案是B16C句意：我宁愿被嘲笑，也不愿和他争吵would rather do sthrather than do sth表示宁愿做某事，也不愿做某事其中第一空表示"被嘲笑"，laugh at表示嘲笑，其被动结构是be laughed at，第二空quarrel with sb表示和某人争吵，故选择C17D句意：你认识我们的新经理吗？是的，他原来是我哥哥的朋友A开大B打开C关掉D结果是、原来是结合语境可知，应该用turns out结果是、原来是选D18. B 考查动词短语辨析。句意“吉米，你的书房里的书扔得到处都是。”“对不起，妈妈。我将会马上 。”根据句意可知此处表示把它们收起来放好。故选B。19. C 考查感官动词词义辨析。句意“乔，不要吃太多冰激凌。”“好的，妈妈。但是它 真地很好。”根据常识可知，冰激凌应该是尝起来好吃。故选C。20. B 考查感