02-考纲核心词法、语法必背 -备战2022年中考英语考前名师绝招.docx

02-考纲核心词法、语法必背 中考英语考纲核心词法1.名词Z1.1 名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。1.2 名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-esC.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-esD.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es1.3 名词的所有格A.单数名词词尾加's，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加's。如：the worker's bike，the Children' s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加' s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后' s。如：This is Lucy and Licy' s room.These are Kate's and jack' s rooms.C. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加'。如:the students' books，the girls' blouses(另外：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用's结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)2.代词人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词2.1 人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves2.2 物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。2.3 反身代词反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.反身代词的用法：一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如：I enjoyed myself at the party.另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如：I can do it myself.2.4 指示代词指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。2.5 不定代词one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等3.冠词3.1不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.3.2 定冠词的基本用法A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。3.3 定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C.用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F.用在乐器名称前。G.和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。3.4 名词前不用冠词的情况A.在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the hospital在那个医院里4.数词4.1数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。4.2 序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。4.3分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。4.4 Hundreds(thousands，millions)of5.形容词、副词5.1 形容词的位置(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deep.The hole is about two metres deep.5.2 形容词的比较等级(1) 单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加(e)r，(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。(2)其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：popularmore popularmost popularimportantmore importantmost important5.3 副词比较级的构成(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2) 绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。(3) 少数副词的不规则变化：原级         比较级       最高级well  better  bestbadly worse   worstmuch more   mostlittle   less  leastfar  farther  farthest              furthest         furthestlate   later     latest(4) 副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)其余变化和形容词类似。6.介词6.1表示时间的介词及介词短语in,at,on,before,after,till,since,for,from to,until,by,in the middle of,at the beginning of,at the end of,at half past five,at night,in a week,in the morning,in class,at sunrise, in spring/summer/autumn/winter,on Sunday,on Saturday afternoon,on a winter evening,for a long time,for two months,after school,since liberation,before lunch,at the time of,at the age of。6.2 表示地点的介词及介词短语in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across,off,down,among,past,between,out of,around,in the front of,in the middle of,at the back of,at the foot of,at home,at the gate,at the table,in the sky,on the ground,in a tree, in the south,in the sun,in the bed,on one's way home,by the side of。7.动词动词的基本形式动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。1. 动词原形动词原形即动词本身的形式。例：I like reading in the morning.我喜欢在早上读书。例：They have a small house.他们有一个小房子。例：I agree with your suggestions.我同意你们的建议。2. 第三人称单数的变化规则一般情况下，词尾加-s 例：workworks 工作cutcuts 切readreads 以s、x、ch、sh、o等结尾的动词，词尾加-es 例：watchwatches 看 washwashes洗 kisskisses 吻 fixfixes 固定以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，词尾去y加-ies。例：flyflies飞 trytries 尝试 studystudies 学习 carrycarries 携带以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词，词尾加-s.例：playplays 玩 staystays 停留 saysays 说3. 不规则动词过去式和过去分词的变化形式A-A-A型是动词原形、过去式和过去分词三者同形。例：cost（花费）costcosthurt（伤害）hurthurthit（打击）hithitlet（让）letletA-A-B型是动词原形和过去式同形。例：beat（打、击、敲）beatbeatenA-B-B型是过去式和过去分词同形。例：spend（花费）spentspentlend（借出）lentlentcatch（抓住）caughtcaughtbuy（买）boughtboughtA-B-A型是动词原形和过去分词同形。例：become（变成）becamebecomecome（到来）camecomerun（跑）ranrunA-B-C型为动词原形、过去式和过去分词三者均不同形例：write （写）wrotewrittenwear （穿着）worewornbear（ 忍受）boreborne/bornchoose （选择）chosechosen4. 动词现在分词的构成一般情况下，词尾加-ing。例：play（玩）playingspeak（说）speakingshow（展示）showingread（阅读）reading以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，在词尾去掉e后加-ing.例：write（写）writingtake（拿）takinglive（居住）livingmake（制造）making以-ie结尾的动词，先变ie为y，再加-ing.例：tie（系）tyinglie（躺）lyingdie（死）dying以“辅元辅”结尾的动词，先双写最后一个辅音字母，然后再加-ing。例：plan（计划）planingget（得到）gettingshut（关闭）shutting中考英语考纲核心语法一、中考英语重点时态01  一般现在时标志：动词原形1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作，常与表频度的时间状语连用：She often speaks English.I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2. 表示现在的状态、特征、职业、能力、感觉等：He seems to feel a bit down today.He works as a driver.3.  表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中：Shanghai lies in the east of China.Columbus proved that the earth is round.Where there is a will, there is a way.4. 表示现在瞬间的动作：Here comes the bus!5.  表示将来1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示未来的时间状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状况。如：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.How often does the shuttle bus run?2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情：When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.I shall go there tomorrow unless Im too busy.  02  一般过去时标志：动词过去式*闭音节：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果发字母本来的音则称为开音节，否则称为闭音节。1. 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before , when , in the past等）。如：Jim rang you just now.Liu Ying was in America last year.2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，特别是used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去常常。如：When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.She used to visit her mother once a week.*注意区分sb. used to do sth.（某人过去常常做某事，此处to是动词不定式标志符号）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人习惯于某物/做某事，此处to是介词）。3. 代替一般现在时，表示一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。此用法仅适用于少数动词（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情态动词could, would。如：I wondered if you could have a word with me.I hoped you could help me with my English.Would you mind my sitting here?4.  虚拟语气中用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。常用句型有：It is time that sb. did sth. “某人该做某事了”would rather sb. did sth. “宁愿某人做某事”  03  一般将来时标志：will / shall + 动词原形1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：We shall have a lot of rain next month.My husband will come back in a few days.2.  表示倾向性和习惯性：Fish will die without water.When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.3.  一般将来时的几种句式结构辨析：1) will / shall + 动词原形多用于表达主观愿望或必定会发生的事情（“将会如何”）*shall作助动词时一般只用于第一人称2) be going to + 动词原形表示即将发生或打算要做的事：It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today.3) be to + 动词原形表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作：He is to visit Japan next year.We are to discuss the report on Monday.4)  be about to + 动词原形表示即将发生的动作，意为“马上要做某事”，后面一般不跟时间状语，如：The plane is about to start.Dont worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.  04  现在进行时标志：be + 动词的现在分词1.  表示说话时正在进行的动作：She is writing a letter upstairs.Who are you waiting for?It is raining hard.2.  表示现阶段一直在进行的动作（说话时动作未必正在进行）：I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.3.  表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.He is always thinking of others first.4. 表示将来1)  表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：Uncle Wang is coming.They're leaving for Beijing.2)  在时间和条件状语从句中，现在进行时表示将来某时正在发生的事情。如：Please drop in when you are passing my way.If he is still sleeping, dont wake him up.  05  过去进行时标志：was / were + 动词的现在分词1.  表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作，过去进行时中常用的时间状语有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.They were watching TV at home last night.2.  表示过去反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：My brother was always losing his keys.3.  表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.4.  过去进行时有一个主要用法就是描述一件事情发生的背景（一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生）：Granny fell asleep when she was reading.It was raining when they left the station.  06  现在完成时标志：have / has + 动词的过去分词1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况（表示“已完成”）。如：He has left the city. （结果：他目前不在这个城市）Someone has broken the window. （结果：窗户破了）2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也可能还会继续持续下去（表示“未完成”）。I have been busy since last week.He has taught in our school for 30 years.Ive finished half so far.注意 瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的，但其否定结构则可以。如：She hasnt seen you for ages.His father hasnt touched beer for a whole week.3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如：I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.4. 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如：Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go the park.5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语能与现在完成时连用的词语很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常见的有：1) since 自从I have been there many times since the war.We havent seen each other since last week.We have been friends ever since.2) in / for / during the past/last years 在过去/最近中Ive been ill for the past three weeks.Great changes have take place in the last ten years.I have been here (for) the last/past month.3) so far 到目前为止We havent had any trouble so far.So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.4)  up to/until now 到现在为止Up to now hes been quiet.Up to now, the work has been easy.I have heard nothing from him up till now.Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.5)  It is/will be the first/second time that 这是第一/二次Its the first time (that) Ive been here.It will be the first time (that) Ive spoken in public.It is the second time (that) I have met him today.6)  This is + 形容词最高级 + that 这是最This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，与现在有联系；而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对现在的影响。如：I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没有时间状语；而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, ago, in 1980, in February等）。3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.My grandfather bought the car five years ago.7. 易错点辨析1)  考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达，这是错误的。如：(×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。() He has been dead for two years.() He died two years ago.(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。() The film has been on for 10 minutes.() The film began 10 minutes ago.(×) She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。() She has been married for three years.() She married Mike three years ago.2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地点，但have been to表示去过某地（现在已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（现在还没回来）。如：She has been to Paris (three times).She has gone to Paris.  07  过去完成时标志：had + 动词的过去分词1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。如：By the end of last week he had finished the work.He had left when I arrived.2.  表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如：We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.3. 某些表意向的动词（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的过去完成时表示主语未曾实现的愿望、希望、打算。如：I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldnt get away.We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.4. （虚拟语气）在条件状体从句或wish / would rather等后面的从句中，使用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如：The party wouldnt have been so perfect if you hadnt come.I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.5.  过去完成时与一般过去时1) 基本区别：过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如：He studied there two years ago.他两年前在那儿学习（离现在两年）He said he had studied there two years before.他说他两年前在那儿学习过。（离他说话时两年）2) 特别注意：两个动作如果按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或者用then, and, but等连词连接时，多用一般过去时。如：When she saw the mouse, she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.  08  过去将来时标志：would + 动词原形1. 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：He said he would come here next Friday.I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.2. 表示过去的动作习惯或倾向：The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.3. 用于虚拟语气中：If I were you, I would not do that.If he were here, he would show us how to do it.4. 过去将来时的其他形式1)  was / were going to + 动词原形。如：He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.2) was / were to + 动词原形。如：The building was to be completed next month.Li Lei was to arrive soon.3)  was / were about to + 动词原形。如：We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.二、中考英语课标基本从句从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序，而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。)1.宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句有自己的连接词 宾语从句用陈述语序 宾语从句的时态宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：I want to know if he can come tomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him.宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。如：He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth.2.状语从句2.1 时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when(当时候) while(当时候) as(当时候) after(在以后) before(在以前) as soon as(一就) since(自从到现在) till /until(直到才) by the time(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：when当的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)Mozart started writ