形容词和副词教学案.doc

第二讲 形容词和副词一、考点聚焦1、形容词、副词的作用与位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.（7）频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：The person there is waiting for you.（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paintings（10）以-ly结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：deep深 wide宽广 high高 low位置低deeply深入地 widely广泛地 highly高度地 lowly地位卑微有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：dead完全，绝对be dead asleep deadly非常be deadly tired pretty相当be pretty certain that prettily漂亮地be prettily dressedclose近Dont sit close. closely密切地Watch closely! late晚、迟arrive late, come late lately最近I havent seen him lately(recently). 2、复合形容词的构成（1）形容词 + 名词 + edkind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的(2)形容词 + 形容词red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的（3）形容词 + 现在分词good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的（4）副词 + 现在分词hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的（5）副词 + 过去分词hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的（6）名词 + 形容词life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的（7）名词 + 现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的（8）名词 + 过去分词snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的（9）数词 + 名词 + edfour-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的（10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数） ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的3、形容词和副词的比较等级（1）原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。如：Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.This building looks not so (as)high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .This room is three times as large as that one.（2）比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。（3）比较级的用法。对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如：This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.He found he got 2cm higher than one year before when he measured himself yesterday.Mary kept weighing herself to see how much _ she was getting.A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：She is better than she was yesterdayPlease come earlier tomorrow.另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：He is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语）”的结构（意为“越越”）。如：The harder he works, the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表本身程度改变时，用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构。如：The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl becomes more and more beautiful.某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）等。He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.倍数表达法。（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length, depth, width, size ,weight etc.)of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.比较级与否定词连用表示最高级意义1)-What do you think of her performance-She couldnt behave better. /I havent seen such a better one before.2)-How do you like the movie?-It cant be _. It is so boringA. goodB. badC. worseD. better(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. /He works(the)hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.How much did the second most expensive hat cost?表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)The film is most interesting.(most=very)表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加the。如：who is the older of the tow boys?在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中。在same前一般要加the。有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。（6）由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。 as much as + 不可数名词数量。Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.as many as + 可数名词数量 多达I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.as early as早在As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island. (7)几组重要的词语辨析。so that 与such that 的区别。so + 形容词 / 副词 +  that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。二、精典名题导解1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. A. an art much as B. much an art asC. as an art much as D. as much an art as解析：答案为D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较asas句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维。2. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, _if you dont speak the language. A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially解析：答案D。本题考查副词词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。A项意为“极端地”；B项意为“自然地”；C项“基本上”；D项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。3. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _known for his plays. A. the best B. more C. better D. the most解析：答案为C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系，抓住句子的隐藏信息，结合语境进行分析。根据句意，句中but后应有一词组be well known for。同时，应注意到前后两个分句把professor White的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比，故应用well的比较级。形容词副词2012年考题1.(2012全国卷I)26. The result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much_. A. the best B. best C. better D. the better2.(2012全国卷II)13. Next to biology, I like physics _ .A. better B. best C. the better D. very well3.(2012天津卷)4. The dog may be a good companion for the old. _, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage.A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Instead.4.(2012天津卷)10. The secretary arranged a (n)_time and space for the applicants to have an interview.A. important B. spareC. publicD. convenient5.(2012湖北卷)26. “Perhaps we need to send for Dr. Smith to see what we can do about it,” Father suggested _ to his neighbor who had come to discuss the problem. A. tentatively B. thoughtlesslyC. definitelyD. rudely6.(2012湖北卷)27. Can you tell the _ difference between the words “require” and “request”? I sometimes get puzzled by their meanings. A. dramaticB. regionalC. apparentD. subtle7.(2012湖北卷)28. Whether the buildings in this area should be pulled down has remained _; people are still looking for other possible solutions.A. unchallenged B. relevant C. controversial D. contradictory8.(2012安徽卷)23. Interest is as _ to learning as the ability to understand, even more so. A. vital B. available C. specific D. similar9.(2012安徽卷)34. Queen Elizabeth is often to be richest woman in the world. _, her personal wealth seems rather small.A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Altogether10.(2012湖南卷)24. Bicycling is good exercise; _, it does not pollute the air. A. nevertheless B. besidesC. otherwiseD. therefore11.(2012福建卷)27.Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be _respected.A. especially B. equallyC. naturally D. normally12.(2012福建卷)32. Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind? Sorry. I returned it to the library just now. Maybe it is still _.A. available B. affordableC. acceptableD. valuable13.(2012山东卷) 33. Be _ you cant expect me to finish all this work in so little time. A. reasonableB. confident C. creative D. grateful14.(2012四川卷)16. I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely wont make _ difference to me.A. that a big B. a that big C. big a that D. that big a 15.(2012四川卷)7. The hotel is almost finished, but it _ needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests.A. only B. also C. even D. still16.(2012浙江卷)10.The research lacks _ evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful.A. solidB. fierceC. severe D. potential17.(2012辽宁卷)22. We used to see each other , but I havent head from him since last year. A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately