Unit3讲义 牛津深圳版八年级英语上册.docx

深圳版牛津版八年级上 Unit3精品讲义一、知识目标1、学习写交代计算机相关信息的邮件。2、掌握形容词比较级和最高级的用法。3、掌握本单元出现的重点词汇和重要句型，并能灵活运用。4、话题读写综合-科技与发明，并积累相应词汇及句式。二、知识讲解1、order  n. 订货Listen to a woman making a phone order.  听一位妇女在打电话订货。【拓展】order的不同词性：作名词，除了表示“订货”，还可表示“命令；顺序”。Dog can be trained to obey orders.  狗可以被训练得听从命令。Lets take the problems in a different order.  咱们换一下顺序来处理这些问题吧。作动词，意为“点菜；命令；预定”。She orders one mapo toufu with rice.  她点了一份麻婆豆腐饭。My father ordered me to clean my room every day.  爸爸命令我每天打扫我的房间。Shall I order a taxi for you?  要我给你叫辆出租车吗？2、compare  v. 比较Learn how to compare things by using the comparative of adjectives.  学习如何通过使用形容词的比较级来比较事物。【其他例句】If you compare the two books, you will see that this one is better.  你如果比较一下这两本书，就会发现这一本更好。【辨析】compare.with.与compare.to.compare.with.：“把与相比较”，常用于同类比较；compare.to.：“把比作”，常用于异类比较，比喻。Compare your answers with those, and you will see if they are right.  把你的答案与那些对照一下，你就会知道它们是否正确了。Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.  莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。3、popular  adj. 流行的She is now a popular film star.  她现在是一位受欢迎的影星。Many young people love popular songs.  许多年轻人喜爱流行歌曲。【拓展】be popular for.  因受爱戴/受欢迎be popular with.  受欢迎；在中有名气。4、speed  n. 速度They can calculate at a faster speed than we can and almost never give wrong answers.  它们的计算速度比我们快，而且几乎从来不会出错。【拓展】speed的常用短语：at a/the speed of. “以的速度”；at full speed of  “全速地”；with great speed  “快速地”。Safety is more important than speed.  安全比速度更重要。Please drive at a speed of sixty miles an hour.  请以每小时60英里的速度驾驶。5、depend on  依赖，依靠You depend on computers more than you realize.  你对计算机的依赖比你意识到的还要多。【短语解析】depend on相当于depend upon，其后常接名词或代词。Our plan depends on the weather.  我们的计划取决于天气。Whether to go or not depends on yourself.  去不去由你自己定。6、work as  从事工作Computers may work as doctors.  计算机或许能从事医疗工作。【拓展】work as其后常接表示职业的名词。I work as a tour guide now. 现在我是一名导游。work out“解出；算出”，侧重于表示“经过努力而得出结果”。Please work out the problem.  请算出这道题。work on“从事于；忙于”，多用来表示“从事某一具体的事情”。Mr Lin is working on a new project.  林先生正在致力于一个新的项目。7、be unaware of  没意识到，未察觉You may be unaware of them.  你可能没有察觉到他们。【短语解析】unaware是由前缀un-和单词aware构成的。be aware of意为“意识到，察觉到”。She watched so carefully that she was unaware of his coming.  她看得如此认真，以至于没有意识到他的到来。8、In the 1940s, the first computers were bigger than cars.  在20世纪40年代，最初的计算机比小汽车还要大。in the 1940s意为“在20世纪40年代”。英语中，表示在某一年代用介词in，在年份后加”s”，前面加定冠词the。in the 1920s  在20世纪20年代in the 1630s  在17世纪30年代9、What will happen to us if computers can do all our jobs?  如果计算机能做我们所有的工作，我们将会怎样？sth. happen to sb.  意为”某人发生了什么事“。What happened to you last night?  你昨晚发生什么事了？A bad accident happened to him yesterday.  昨天他出了严重的事故。【辨析】happen与take placehappen：强调某事发生的偶然性take place：表示事先安排或有准备的事情或活动发生An accident happened here yesterday.  昨天这里发生了事故。The meeting will take place at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.  明天早上8:00将会举行会议。10、What will happen to us if computers can do all our jobs?  如果计算机能做我们所有的工作，我们将会怎样？sth. happen to sb.  意为”某人发生了什么事“。What happened to you last night?  你昨晚发生什么事了？A bad accident happened to him yesterday.  昨天他出了严重的事故。【辨析】happen与take placehappen：强调某事发生的偶然性take place：表示事先安排或有准备的事情或活动发生An accident happened here yesterday.  昨天这里发生了事故。The meeting will take place at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.  明天早上8:00将会举行会议。11、The student played computer games on the Internet all day Saturday without stopping to drink, eat or sleep.  这名同学整个星期六都在网上玩电脑游戏，不喝、不吃、不睡觉。without是介词，意为“没有，缺乏”，其后接名词、人称代词的宾格或动词-ing形式，多作伴随状语。We cant live without water.  没有水，我们不能生存。He left without saying a word.  他一句话也没说就离开了。12、The red one costs ￥2,500, and its made of leather.  这个红色的价值2500元，它是由皮革制成的。cost意为”价值，花费（多少钱）“，其主语是物。其过去式是cost。The ticket cost me twenty yuan.  这张票花了我20元。【拓展】cost还可用作名词，意为”花费；价钱“，相当于price。The cost of the coat was $21.  这件大衣的价钱是21美元。The cost of living here is too high.  这儿的生活费用太高。be made of意为”由制成“。The bridge is made of stone.  这座桥是由石头制成。【辨析】be made of, be made from, be made inbe made of：”由制成“，后接原材料，能看出原材料。be made from：”由制成“，后接原材料，不能看出原材料。be made in：”在制造“，后接地点或场所，强调物品的产地。The kite is made of paper.  这个风筝是用纸做的。The wine is made from wheat.  这种酒是用小麦酿成的。This car is made in Shanghai.  这辆车是在上海制造的。13、I hope we can all work together to stop students from spending too much time playing computer games.  我希望我们能一起努力来阻止学生花费太多时间玩电脑游戏。stop sb. from doing sth.意为“阻止某人做某事”，相当于prevent sb. from doing sth.在主动语态中两者中的from均可省略，但再被动语态中不可省略。No one can stop us (from) carrying out the plan.  没有人能阻止我们实施计划。The water must be prevented from being polluted.  我们必须保护水不受污染。14、For example, they may be better than doctors at doing their job.  例如，它们可能比医生更胜任医疗工作。be good at意为”擅长“，相当于do well in，后接名词或动词-ing形式。此结构中用了good的比较级better，表示”更擅长“。He is better than me at dancing.  他比我更擅长跳舞。Daming is good at math.  大明擅长数学。15、I am afraid we do not have any now.  恐怕我们现在没货了。I am afraid + (that) 从句，意为”（我）恐怕“，含有抱歉或担心之意。Im afraid I cant finish it this afternoon.  恐怕我今天下午完成不了这事。【拓展】跟afraid有关的短语：be afraid to do sth.  ”害怕做某事“。My sister is afraid to go out at night.  我妹妹害怕晚上外出。be afraid of  “害怕”，后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式。Im afraid of snakes.  我怕蛇。They boy was afraid of telling the truth.  这个男孩害怕说出真相。16、Thank you for attending this meeting.  谢谢你们参加这次会议。thank you for sth./doing sth. 意为“谢谢你（们）做了某事”，相当于thanks for.。Thank you for your help. = Thank you for helping me.  谢谢你的帮忙。17、What will happen to us if computers can do all our jobs?  如果计算机能做我们所有的工作，我们将会怎样？sth. happen to sb.  意为”某人发生了什么事“。What happened to you last night?  你昨晚发生什么事了？A bad accident happened to him yesterday.  昨天他出了严重的事故。【辨析】happen与take placehappen：强调某事发生的偶然性take place：表示事先安排或有准备的事情或活动发生An accident happened here yesterday.  昨天这里发生了事故。The meeting will take place at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.  明天早上8:00将会举行会议。18、In addition, computers can do important jobs like operating railways and flying planes and spaceships.  此外，计算机还能做一些重要的工作，如操控铁路系统、驾驶飞机和宇宙飞船。in addition意为”除以外（还）“，用于句首时，其后常用逗号与句子分开。还可以用in addition to来接一个名词性的词或短语。In addition, students can use computers to draw pictures.  此外，学生能用计算机来画画。In addition to my weekly wage, I got a lot of tips.  除了每周的薪水外，我还能得到不少小费。19、What do you think of computers, Frank?  弗兰克，你认为计算机怎么样？what do you think of.? 意为”你认为怎么样？“，用于询问对方对某人或某物的看法，相当于：How do you like.? 或What do you think about.?-What do you think of action movies?  你认为动作片怎么样？-I think they are very exciting.  我认为它们很令人兴奋。20、I look forward to your reply.  我期盼着您的答复。look forward to意为“盼望，期待”，其中to是介词，其后常接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。Im looking forward to seeing you again.  我一直盼望着能再见到你。三、语法：形容词比较级及最高级一）、例句In the 1940s, the first computers were bigger than cars.New computers are becoming smaller and better.The red laptop is the smallest among the three.二）、变化规则：1、形容词比较级及最高级的变化规则：1）、一般情况下，直接在形容词后加er或est.如: tall(高的)taller(更)tallest(最)old(年长的)-older(更)oldest(最)small(小的) smaller (更)smallest(最)long (长的) longer (更)longest (最)2）、以不发音的e结尾的形容词，直接在其后加r或st.如: nice (美好的)nicer(更) nicest(最)wide(宽的) wider (更) widest(最)larger(大的)larger(更)largest(最)late(晚的，迟的)later(更)latest(最)3）、结尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的(或以辅音+元音+辅音字母结尾的)，双写最后的一个辅音字母，再加er或est.如: thin(瘦的)thinner(更)thinnest(更)big(大的)bigger(更大的)biggest(最)hot(热的)hotter(更)hottest(最)red(红色的)redder(更)reddest(最)4）、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词，变y为i再加er或est.如: happy(高兴的)happier(更)happiest(最)funny(有趣的)funnier(更)funniest(最)heavy(重的)heavier(更)heaviest(最)easy(容易的)easier(更)easiest(最)5）、两个或两个音节以上的形容词，比较级前加more,最高级前面加most.如: beautiful(美丽的)more beautiful(更)most beautiful(最)careful(仔细的)more careful(更)-most careful(最)important(重要的)more important(更)most beautiful(最)2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化如: good(好的)better(更)best(最)many/much(许多的)more(更多的)most(最多的)bad/ill(坏的，病的)worse(更坏的)worst(最坏的)little(小的，很少的)less(更少的，更小的)least(最小的，最少的)三）、形容词（副词）比较等级三种用法1、原级的用法1）.只能修饰原级的词有very, quite, so, too等。例如：He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。2）. 原级常用的句型结构 as +adj/adv +as   eg. Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。 倍数+as +adj/adv +as  Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍。Tom runs twice as fast as Mike. 汤姆跑得速度是迈克的二倍。 be+not+as/so+adv/adv (原级）+asThis room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。He doesnt walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。 2、比较级的用法1）. 比较级标志的词：than注意：修饰形容词或副词的比较级，表程度的词有：much, a lot, far, a little, a bit , even甚至, still仍然。例如,：Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. 第一课比第二课容易得多。Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。2）. 比较级常用的句型结构比较级表达法：“甲+be+adj.比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙” Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。甲+be+倍数+比较级+than+乙    “甲比乙几倍”This room is three times bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个大三倍。"the +比较级，the+比较级”  越.就越.:The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes youll make双重比较级： “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。He is getting taller and taller. 他变得越来越高了。The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。比较级+than+the other +n.(复）=比较级+than +any other +n.(单）The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 3 、最高级的用法1）. 最高级标志词：in, of, among.Tom is the tallest in his class. /of all the students.2）. 用在选择疑问句中。如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词或副词要用比较形式；如果有三者或三都以上供选择，则要用最高级。Which is bigger, the earth or the moon？Which season do you like (the) best, spring, summer or autumn？