什么是人际关系和人际沟通优秀课件.ppt

什么是人际关系和人际沟通第1页，本讲稿共65页what kinds of outline are the most important in the chapter?RoleRelationshipPatterns2第2页，本讲稿共65页Basic Concepts Definitions Related Terms Personal Interpretations of Role Societal Interpretations Role Effects of Alteration in Role Performance on Others OUTLINEOUTLINEp.108RoleRelationshipPatterns3第3页，本讲稿共65页Applications Professional Nurse Role Types of Professional Roles Role Socialization Role Stress Self-awareness in the Professional Role OUTLINEOUTLINEp.108RoleRelationshipPatterns4第4页，本讲稿共65页Client Role Patients Bill of RightsRole Performance as a Nursing Diagnosis Supportive Interventions Developing New SolutionsSummary OUTLINEOUTLINEp.108RoleRelationshipPatterns5第5页，本讲稿共65页What are the objectives of learning or studying in our lesson?studying in our lesson?RoleRelationshipPatterns6第6页，本讲稿共65页At the end of the chapter,the student will be able to 1.Define role and role performance 2.Describe the four components of professional role socialization 3.Discuss the professional roles of the nurse 4.Discuss the characteristics of the sick role ObjectivesObjectivesp.108RoleRelationshipPatterns7第7页，本讲稿共65页RoleRelationshipPatternsObjectiveOne:Defineroleandroleperformance8第8页，本讲稿共65页What is role?A role is defined as a set of expected behavioral standards established by the society or community to which a person belongs(Creasia,1991).Definitionsp.109-110RoleRelationshipPatterns9第9页，本讲稿共65页What is role relationship?Rolerelationshipsinfluencecommunicationcontentandprocess.Consideryourownrole”asanursingstudentandhowitinfluencescommunicationcontentandprocess.Definitionsp.109-110RoleRelationshipPatterns10第10页，本讲稿共65页 什么是人际关系和人际沟通？人际关系人际关系人际关系是人们通过交流与相互作用而人际关系是人们通过交流与相互作用而形成的形成的比较稳定的心理关系比较稳定的心理关系，反映着个体或群体，反映着个体或群体满足其满足其社会需要的心理状态社会需要的心理状态，其发展变化取决于双方社会需要的，其发展变化取决于双方社会需要的满足程度。人际关系外延很广，包括朋友关系、夫妻关系、满足程度。人际关系外延很广，包括朋友关系、夫妻关系、师生关系、同学关系、同事关系等。内涵是个体之间的心师生关系、同学关系、同事关系等。内涵是个体之间的心理上的关系，表现为亲近或疏远、敌对或友好等理上的关系，表现为亲近或疏远、敌对或友好等心理上的心理上的距离距离。p.310 RoleRelationshipPatterns11第11页，本讲稿共65页 什么是人际关系和人际沟通？人际沟通人际沟通人际沟通是指人际间的人际沟通是指人际间的信息交流信息交流。可以是。可以是面对面的，也可以是非面对面的，可以是语言的，也可面对面的，也可以是非面对面的，可以是语言的，也可以是非语言的，旨在传达思想、交换意见、表达感情和以是非语言的，旨在传达思想、交换意见、表达感情和需要等。需要等。它它包括关系沟通与内容沟通包括关系沟通与内容沟通，即每个沟通都包含着一定，即每个沟通都包含着一定的内容和确定一定的关系。内容是指沟通中所传信息的实的内容和确定一定的关系。内容是指沟通中所传信息的实质含义，关系是指沟通各方在沟通中所处的地位和联系方质含义，关系是指沟通各方在沟通中所处的地位和联系方式。式。p.303 p.310RoleRelationshipPatterns12第12页，本讲稿共65页你能举例说明人际关系沟通和内容沟通之间的联系吗？护士：护士：“昨晚我给昨晚我给xx xx（患者）的药为什么没吃？（患者）的药为什么没吃？护患关系 内容沟通效果很熟悉很熟悉 成功成功一般一般 有心理距离但可能成功有心理距离但可能成功紧张紧张 很难有效，很难有效，患者家属可能说患者家属可能说“我怎么知道？我怎么知道？没吃药到底是谁的责任。没吃药到底是谁的责任。”RoleRelationshipPatterns13第13页，本讲稿共65页What is role performance?Role performance refers to a persons capacity to function in accord with social expectations of a particular role.Perceptions of behavioral standards for role performance differ from based on cultural,gender,institutional,and family expectations;People still expect different role behaviors from men and women despite tremendous advances in equal opportunity.Definitionsp.109-110RoleRelationshipPatterns14第14页，本讲稿共65页Role transition describes changes in role expectations that occur as developmental life crises or when unexpected life events such as illness or injury alter role function.For example,new mother experiences a significant role transition with the birth of her first child,as does a young athlete struck down in a ball game with a spinal cord injury.What is role transition?Definitionsp.109-110RoleRelationshipPatterns15第15页，本讲稿共65页What is position?Position represents a standardized description of a role and associated expectations that makes it understandable to others in the community or group.Social position relates to the status and identity the person holds in the community.The concept of position sometimes plays a role in how helping professionals respond to clients:they sometimes treat clients in high positions differently than those with no money or low social status.Definitionsp.109-110RoleRelationshipPatterns16第16页，本讲稿共65页Whereas it is important for the nurse to recognize differences in position as relevant factors in supporting client integrity and self-esteem,nurses need to view all clients as very important persons,treating them all with the same respect and giving them all quality care regardless of position.Definitionsp.109-110What is position?RoleRelationshipPatterns17第17页，本讲稿共65页RoleRelationshipPatternsObjectiveTwo:Describethefourcomponentsofprofessionalrolesocialization18第18页，本讲稿共65页Unlike other forms of education,the nursing student must simultaneously(同时地)adjust to learning new material while starting on the job training in which the stakes(风险)are high.Cohen identified four goals of professional socialization(see Box 6-4).Which is the four components of professional role socialization?Professional Nurse Rolep.114-115RoleRelationshipPatterns19第19页，本讲稿共65页Box 6-4.Steps in the Socialization ProcessLearn the technology of the profession:the facts,skills,and theory.Internalize(使内在化)the professional cultureFind a personally and professionally acceptable version of the role.Integrate this professional role into all the other life roles.RoleRelationshipPatterns20第20页，本讲稿共65页Box6-4.StepsintheSocializationProcess学会专业技能：专业法规、技术和理论。与专业文化融为一体。找到就个人和职业而言都可接受的角色类型。把职业角色整合到所有其它生活角色中。RoleRelationshipPatterns21第21页，本讲稿共65页Exercise Looking at My Development as a Professional NursePurpose:To help you focus on your self-development as a professional nurseRoleRelationshipPatterns22第22页，本讲稿共65页Exercise Looking at My Development as a Professional NurseProcedure:Write the story of how you chose to become a nurse in a one-to two-page essay(may be done as a homework assignment).There are no right or wrong answers;this is simply your story.You may use the following as guides in developing your story.RoleRelationshipPatterns23第23页，本讲稿共65页Exercise Looking at My Development as a Professional NurseProcedure:1.What are your reasons for choosing nursing as a profession?2.What factors influenced your decision;people,circumstances,or situations?3.Describe your vision of yourself as a nurse.4.What fears do you have about your ability to function as a professional nurse?5.How do you think being a nurse will affect your personal life?RoleRelationshipPatterns24第24页，本讲稿共65页1.In what ways is your story similar to or different from those of your classmates?2.As you wrote your story,were you surprised by any of the data or feelings?RoleRelationshipPatternsDiscussion:25第25页，本讲稿共65页Students can discuss some of the realistic difficulties encountered as nursing students both professionally and personally and ways to handle them.Explore through discussion the following:1.The practices nursing students will need to follow to achieve their vision2.The types of supports nurses need to foster their ongoing professional developmentRoleRelationshipPatternsDiscussion:26第26页，本讲稿共65页RoleRelationshipPatternsObjectiveThree:Discusstheprofessionalrolesofthenurse27第27页，本讲稿共65页Which are there Professional Nursing Roles P.1161.Caregiver:a.Providescompleteorpartialcompensatorycareforclientswhocannotprovidetheseself-carefunctionsforthemselvesb.Implementssupportive/educativeactionstopromoteoptimumhealthc.Reinforcesthenatural,developmental,andhealingprocesseswithinapersontoenhancewell-being,comfort,function,andpersonalgrowth Professional Nurse RoleRoleRelationshipPatterns28第28页，本讲稿共65页2.Teacher:a.Provides health teaching to individual clients and families b.Develops and implements patient education programs to promote/maintain healthful practices and compliance with treatment recommendationsc.Guides individuals in their human journey toward wholeness and well-being through psychoeducationWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns29第29页，本讲稿共65页3.Client advocate:a.Protects clients right to self-determinationb.Motivates individuals and families to become informed active participants in their health carec.Mediates between client and others in the health care environmentd.Acts as clients agent in coordinating effective health care servicesWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns30第30页，本讲稿共65页4.Manager:a.Coordinates staff and productivityb.Delegates differentiated tasks to appropriate personnelc.Facilitates communication within and among departments d.Serves on committees to improve and maintain quality of caree.Makes decisions and directs relevant changes to ensure quality careWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns31第31页，本讲稿共65页5.Evaluator:a.Sets quality assurance/care standardsb.Reviews records and monitors compliance with standardsc.Makes recommendations for improvementWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns32第32页，本讲稿共65页6.Researcher:Develops and implement research/grant proposals to broaden understanding of important issues in clinical practice and validate nursing theories as a basis for effective nursing practiceWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns33第33页，本讲稿共65页7.Consultant:a.Provides specialized knowledge/advice to others on health care issuesb.Evaluates programs,curricula,and complex clinical datac.Serves as expert witness in legal casesWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns34第34页，本讲稿共65页8.Case Manager:a.Administers care for a caseload of clientsb.Coordinates cost-effective care optionsc.Monitors client progress toward expected behavioral outcomesd.Collaborates with other professionals to ensure quality care across health care settingsWhich are Professional Nursing Roles P.116RoleRelationshipPatterns35第35页，本讲稿共65页RoleRelationshipPatternsObjectiveFour:Discussthecharacteristicsofthesickrole36第36页，本讲稿共65页Fromtheclientperspective,lossoforchangesinnormalroles,rolerelationships,androleperformanceareimportantdimensions(尺度/元)oftheemotionalpainclientsexperienceinhealthcaresituations.How well people are able to perform their How well people are able to perform their rolesroles within the family and within the family and societysocietyinfluencestheirreputationwithinthecommunityandtheirsenseofself-esteem.Whenillnessorinjuryaffectsroleperformance,italsoimpactsrolerelationshipswithothersandself-esteem.How to understand Client role,role relationships,performance and transition?p.119RoleRelationshipPatterns37第37页，本讲稿共65页The nurse may be the only person who has the expertise and willingness to facilitate discussions of the implications of role changes stemming from(源于)altered health status for the client in an objective,compassionate manner.p.119How to understand Client role,role relationships,performance and transition?RoleRelationshipPatterns38第38页，本讲稿共65页Talking about the meaning of role change is just as important as talking about how to change a dressing or what a physical symptom means.Loss of role,changes in role expectations and performance,role relationships and role transitions can occur as a result of age,illness,loss of job or significant person,injury,and mental disorders How to understand Client role,role relationships,performance and transition?p.119RoleRelationshipPatterns39第39页，本讲稿共65页Mostpeopledonotassumethesickrolevoluntarily.Illnessortrauma(外伤)canchangeanindividualssocialrolefromoneofindependentself-sufficiencytooneofvulnerability(脆弱性)andvaryingdegreesofdependencyonothers,apersonalrolefromoneofindependencetodependence.Whenclientsenterahealthcaresituation,theyencounteraninterpersonalenvironmentthatencouragesthedevelopmentoffeelingsofanonymity(无名)andhelplessness.How to understand Client role,role relationships,performance and transition?p.119RoleRelationshipPatterns40第40页，本讲稿共65页At the hospital door,the client forsakes(放弃)recognized social roles in the family,work situation,and community,temporarily or permanently.Regardless of how competent the person may be in other life roles,when illness strikes(打击),questions about role performance inevitably arise.Often clients must learn new role behaviors that are unfamiliar and unsettling to previously held self-concepts.How to understand the transition of Client role,role relationships,and role performance?RoleRelationshipPatternsp.11941第41页，本讲稿共65页Adjustment to a change in health care status requires a whole new set of coping skills without necessarily having the same social supports.Clients clearly need the support of the nurse to incorporate the rapidly changing meaning of the environmental and personal changes encountered in illness into an otherwise basically healthy self-concept.How to understand the transition of Client role,role relationships,and role performance?RoleRelationshipPatternsp.11942第42页，本讲稿共65页Differences in perspectives play a major part in determining which illnesses and disorders are recognized as legitimate(合理的),the roles clients assume in their health care,and who becomes the culturally assigned expert(在.中当专家)in promoting,maintaining,and restoring health.For example,some cultures believe that illness is punishment from God or an imbalance of energy that interferes with the bodys functioning.These cultural understandings can affect role relationships in health care settings.How to understand the transition of Client role,role relationships,and role performance?RoleRelationshipPatternsp.11943第43页，本讲稿共65页ClientRoleClientRole Clients are expected to act as participating,cooperative agents in their recovery process.However,an Asian client may appear as a passive recipient of health care,strikingly dependent on family and health caregiver for all guidance and care.Without a clear understanding of this culturally acceptable expression of the sick role,the nurse may respond inappropriately.p.120RoleRelationshipPatterns44第44页，本讲稿共65页What is a Patients Bill of Rights?p.1211.The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care.ClientRoleClientRole RoleRelationshipPatterns45第45页，本讲稿共65页What is a Patients Bill of Rights?p.1212.The patient has the right to,and is encouraged to obtain from physicians and other direct caregivers,relevant,current,and understandable information concerning diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis.Except in emergencies when the patient lacks decision making capacity and the need for treatment is urgent,the patient is entitled to the opportunity to discuss and request information related to the specific procedures and treatments,risks involved,length of recuperation,and medically reasonable alternatives and their accompanying risks and benefits.ClientRoleClientRole RoleRelationshipPatterns46第46页，本讲稿共65页What is a Patients Bill of Rights?ClientRoleClientRole 3.Patients have the right to know the identity of physicians,nurses,and others involved in their care,as well as the status of the caregivers(e.g.,when those involved are students,residents,or other trainees.).p.121RoleRelationshipPatterns47第47页，本讲稿共65页What is a Patients Bill of Rights?ClientRoleClientRole 4.The patient has the right to make decisions about the plan of care before and during the course of treatment,to refuse a recommended treatment or plan of care to the extent permitted by law and h