先锋无线电工程师权力观教学文稿.doc

Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。先锋无线电工程师权力观-先锋无线电工程师权力观PIONEERRADIOENGINEERGIVESVIEWSONPOWERbyNikolaTeslaNewYorkHeraldTribune,September11,1932TeslaSaysWirelessWavesAreNotElectromagnetic,ButSoundInNatureHoldsSpaceNotCurved燩redictsPowerTransmissiontoOtherPlanetsbyNikolaTeslaTheassumptionoftheMaxwellianetherwasthoughtnecessarytoexplainthepropagationoflightbytransversevibrations,whichcanonlyoccurinasolid.Sofascinatingwasthistheorythatevenatpresentithasmanysupporters,despitethemanifestimpossibilityofamedium,perfectlymobileandtenuoustoadegreeinconceivable,andyetextremelyrigid,likesteel.Asaresultsomeillusionaryideashavebeenformedandvariousphenomenaerroneouslyinterpreted.Theso梒alledHertzwavesarestillconsideredarealityprovingthatlightiselectricalinitsnature,andalsothattheetheriscapableoftransmittingtransversevibrationsoffrequencieshoweverlow.ThisviewhasbecomeuntenablesinceIshowedthattheuniversalmediumisagaseousbodyinwhichonlylongitudinalpulsescanbeprop璦gated,involvingalternatingcompressionsandexpansionssimilartothoseproducedbysoundwavesintheair.Thus,awirelesstransmitterdoesnotemitHertzwaveswhichareamyth,butsoundwavesintheether,behavingineveryrespectlikethoseintheair,exceptthat,owingtothegreatelasticforceandextremelysmalldensi璽yofthemedium,theirspeedisthatoflight.SuggestedShortWavesEarly.Sincewavesofthiskindareallthemorepenetrating,theshortertheyare,Ihaveurgedtheexpertsengagedinthecommercialapplicationofthewirelessarttoemployveryshortwaves,butforalongtimemysuggestionswerenotheeded.Eventually,though,thiswasdone,andgraduallythewavelengthswerereducedtobutafewmeters.Invariablyitwasfoundthatthesewaves,justasthoseintheair,followthecurvatureoftheearthandbendaroundobstacles,apeculiarityex環ibitedtoamuchlesserdegreebytransversevibrationsinasolid.Recently,how璭ver,ultrashortwaveshavebeenexperimentedwithandthefactthattheyalsohavethesamepropertywashailedasagreatdiscovery,offeringthestupendouspromisetomakewirelesstransmissioninfinitelysimplerandcheaper.?br>Itisofinteresttoknowwhatwirelessexpertshaveexpected,knowingthatwavesafewmeterslongaretransmittedcleartotheantipodes.Isthereanyreasonthattheywouldbehaveradicallydifferentwhentheirlengthisreducedtoabouthalfofonemeter?WavesGoAroundWorld.Asthegeneralknowledgeofthissubjectseemsverylimited,Imaystate,thatevenwavesonlyoneortwomillimeterslong,whichIproducedthirty-threeyearsago,providedthattheycarrysufficientenergy,canbetransmittedaroundtheglobe.Thisisnotsomuchduetorefractionandreflectionastothepropertiesofagaseousmediumandcertainpeculiaraction,whichIshallexplainsometimeinthefuture.Atpresentitmaybesufficienttocallattentiontoanimportantfactinthisconnection,namely,thatthisbendingofthebeamprojectedfromreflectordoesnotaffectintheleastitsbehaviorinotherrespects.Asregardsdeflectioninahorizontalplane,itactsjustasthoughitwerestraight.Tobeexplicitthehorizontaldeviationsarecomparativelyslight.Inaproposedultrashortwavetransmission,theverticalbending,farfrombeinganadvantage,isaseriousdraw璪ack,asitincreasedgreatlytheliabilityofdisturbancesbyobstaclesattheearth抯surface.Thedownwarddeflectionalwaysoccurs,irrespectiveofwavelength,andalsoifthebeamisthrownupwardatanangletothehorizontal,andthistendencyis,accordingtomyfinding,allthemorepronouncedthebiggertheplanet.Onabodyaslargeasthesun,itwouldbeimpossibletoprojectadis璽urbanceofthiskindtoanyconsiderabledistanceexceptalongthesurface.ItmightbeinferredthatIamalludingtothecurvatureofspacesupposedtoexistaccordingtotheteachingsofrelativity,butnothingcouldbefurtherfrommymind.Iholdthatspacecannotbecurved,forthesimplereasonthatitcanhavenoproperties.ItmightaswellbesaidthatGodhasproperties.Hehasnot,butonlyattributesandtheseareofourownmaking.Ofpropertieswecanonlyspeakwhendealingwithmatterfillingthespace.Tosaythatinthepresenceoflargebodiesspacebecomescurved,isequivalenttostatingthatsomethingcanactuponnothing.I,forone,refusetosubscribetosuchaview.NeedRadioChannelsThechiefobjectofemployingveryshortwavesistoprovideanincreasednumberofchannelsrequiredtosatisfytheever-growingdemandforwirelessappliances.Butthisisonlybecausethetransmittingandreceivingapparatus,asgenerallyemployed,isill-conceivedandnotwelladaptedforselection.Thetransmittergeneratesseveralsystemsofwaves,allofwhich,exceptone,areuseless.Asaconsequence,onlyaninfinitesimalamountofenergyreachesthereceiverandde璸endenceisplacedonextremeamplification,whichcanbeeasilyaffectedbytheuseoftheso-calledthree-electrodetubes.Thisinventionhasbeencreditedtoothers,butasamatteroffact,itwasbroughtoutbymein1892,theprinciplebeingdescribedandillustratedinmylecturebeforetheFranklinInstituteandNationalElectricLightAssof7iation.InmyoriginaldeviceIputaroundthein璫andescentfilamentaconductingmember,whichIcalleda搒ieve.?Thisdeviceisconnectedtoawireleadingoutsideofthebulbandservestomodifythestreamofparticlesprojectedfromthefilamentaccordingtothechargeimpartedtoit.Inthismanneranewkindofdetector,rectifierandamplifierwasprovided.Manyformsoftubesonthisprinciplewereconstructedbymeandvariousinterestingef璮ectsobtainedbytheirmeansshowntovisitorsinmylaboratoryfrom1893to1899,whenIundertooktheerectionofanexperimentalworld梥ystemwirelessplantatColoradoSprings.Duringthelastthirty-twoyearsthesetubeshavebeenmadeveritablemarvelsofmechanicalperfection,butwhilehelpfulinmanywaystheyhavedrawntheexpertsawayfromthesimplerandmuchsuperiorarrangement,whichIattemptedtointroducein1901.Myplansinvolvedtheuseofahighlyeffectiveandefficienttransmitterconveyingtoanyreceiveratwhateverdistance,arelativelylargeamountofener璯y.Thereceiverisitselfadeviceofelementarysimplicitypartakingofthechar璦cteristicsoftheear,exceptthatitisimmenselymoresensitive.Insuchasys璽emresonantamplificationistheonlyonenecessaryandtheselectivityissogreatthatanydesirednumberofseparatechannelscanbeprovidedwithoutgoingtowavesshorterthanafewmeters.Forthisreason,andbecauseofothershortcomings,Idonotattachmuchimportancetotheemploymentofwaves,whicharenowbeingexperimentedwith.Besides,Iamcontemplatingthepracticaluseofanotherprinciple,whichIhavediscoveredandwhichisalmostunlimitedinthenumberofchannelsandintheenergythree-electrodetubes.Thisinventionhasbeencreditedtoothers,butasamatteroffact,itwasbroughtoutbymein1892,theprinciplebeingtransmitted.Itshouldenableustoobtainmanyimportantresultsheretoforeconsideredimpossible.Withtheknowledgeofthefactsbeforeme,Idonotthinkithazardoustopredictthatwewillbeenabledtoilluminatethewholeskyatnightandthateventuallywewillflashpowerinvirtuallyunlimitedamountstoplanets.Itwouldnotsurprisemeatallifanexperimenttotransmitthousandsofhorsepowertothemoonbythisnewmethodweremadeinafewyearsfromnow.-