孙子兵法英汉对照复习进程.doc

Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。孙子兵法英汉对照-个人转载孙子兵法（中英对照）孙子兵法TheArtofWar孙武BySunTzuTranslatedbyLionelGiles始计第一LayingPlans孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。SunTzusaid：TheartofwarisofvitalimportancetotheState.Itisamatteroflifeanddeath，aroadeithertosafetyortoruin.Henceitisasubjectofinquirywhichcanonnoaccountbeneglected.故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。Theartofwar，then，isgovernedbyfiveconstantfactors，tobetakenintoaccountinone'sdeliberations，whenseekingtodeterminetheconditionsobtaininginthefield.Theseare：（1）TheMoralLaw；（2）Heaven；（3）Earth；（4）TheCommander；（5）Methodanddiscipline.道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不危也；TheMoralLawcausesthepeopletobeincompleteaccordwiththeirruler，sothattheywillfollowhimregardlessoftheirlives，undismayedbyanydanger.天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也；Heavensignifiesnightandday，coldandheat，timesandseasons.地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；Earthcomprisesdistances，greatandsmall；dangerandsecurity；opengroundandnarrowpasses；thechancesoflifeanddeath.将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；TheCommanderstandsforthevirtuesofwisdom，sincerely，benevolence，courageandstrictness.法者，曲制、官道、主用也。Bymethodanddisciplinearetobeunderstoodthemarshalingofthearmyinitspropersubdivisions，thegraduationsofrankamongtheofficers，themaintenanceofroadsbywhichsuppliesmayreachthearmy，andthecontrolofmilitaryexpenditure.凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。Thesefiveheadsshouldbefamiliartoeverygeneral：hewhoknowsthemwillbevictorious；hewhoknowsthemnotwillfail.故校之以计，而索其情，曰：主孰有道？Therefore，inyourdeliberations，whenseekingtodeterminethemilitaryconditions，letthembemadethebasisofacomparison，inthiswise：将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。（1）WhichofthetwosovereignsisimbuedwiththeMorallaw？（2）Whichofthetwogeneralshasmostability？（3）WithwhomlietheadvantagesderivedfromHeavenandEarth？（4）Onwhichsideisdisciplinemostrigorouslyenforced？（5）Whicharmyisstronger？（6）Onwhichsideareofficersandmenmorehighlytrained？（7）Inwhicharmyistherethegreaterconstancybothinrewardandpunishment？BymeansofthesesevenconsiderationsIcanforecastvictoryordefeat.将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。Thegeneralthathearkenstomycounselandactsuponit，willconquer：letsuchaoneberetainedincommand！Thegeneralthathearkensnottomycounselnoractsuponit，willsufferdefeat：letsuchaonebedismissed！计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。Whileheadingtheprofitofmycounsel，availyourselfalsoofanyhelpfulcircumstancesoverandbeyondtheordinaryrules.势者，因利而制权也。Accordingascircumstancesarefavorable，oneshouldmodifyone'splans.兵者，诡道也。Allwarfareisbasedondeception.故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。Hence，whenabletoattack，wemustseemunable；whenusingourforces，wemustseeminactive；whenwearenear，wemustmaketheenemybelievewearefaraway；whenfaraway，wemustmakehimbelievewearenear.利而诱之，乱而取之，Holdoutbaitstoenticetheenemy.Feigndisorder，andcrushhim.实而备之，强而避之，Ifheissecureatallpoints，bepreparedforhim.Ifheisinsuperiorstrength，evadehim.怒而挠之，卑而骄之，Ifyouropponentisofcholerictemper，seektoirritatehim.Pretendtobeweak，thathemaygrowarrogant.佚而劳之，亲而离之，Ifheistakinghisease，givehimnorest.Ifhisforcesareunited，separatethem.攻其无备，出其不意。Attackhimwhereheisunprepared，appearwhereyouarenotexpected.此兵家之胜，不可先传也。Thesemilitarydevices，leadingtovictory，mustnotbedivulgedbeforehand.夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜少算，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。Nowthegeneralwhowinsabattlemakesmanycalculationsinhistemplewherethebattleisfought.Thegeneralwholosesabattlemakesbutfewcalculationsbeforehand.Thusdomanycalculationsleadtovictory，andfewcalculationstodefeat：howmuchmorenocalculationatall！ItisbyattentiontothispointthatIcanforeseewhoislikelytowinorlose.作战第二II.WagingWar孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。SunTzusaid：Intheoperationsofwar，wherethereareinthefieldathousandswiftchariots，asmanyheavychariots，andahundredthousandmail-cladsoldiers，withprovisionsenoughtocarrythemathousandli，theexpenditureathomeandatthefront，includingentertainmentofguests，smallitemssuchasglueandpaint，andsumsspentonchariotsandarmor，willreachthetotalofathousandouncesofsilverperday.Suchisthecostofraisinganarmyof100，000men.其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，Whenyouengageinactualfighting，ifvictoryislongincoming，thenmen'sweaponswillgrowdullandtheirardorwillbedamped.Ifyoulaysiegetoatown，youwillexhaustyourstrength.久暴师则国用不足。Again，ifthecampaignisprotracted，theresourcesoftheStatewillnotbeequaltothestrain.夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。Now，whenyourweaponsaredulled，yourardordamped，yourstrengthexhaustedandyourtreasurespent，otherchieftainswillspringuptotakeadvantageofyourextremity.Thennoman，howeverwise，willbeabletoaverttheconsequencesthatmustensue.故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。Thus，thoughwehaveheardofstupidhasteinwar，clevernesshasneverbeenseenassociatedwithlongdelays.夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。Thereisnoinstanceofacountryhavingbenefitedfromprolongedwarfare.故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。Itisonlyonewhoisthoroughlyacquaintedwiththeevilsofwarthatcanthoroughlyunderstandtheprofitablewayofcarryingiton.善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，Theskillfulsoldierdoesnotraiseasecondlevy，neitherarehissupply-wagonsloadedmorethantwice.取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。Bringwarmaterialwithyoufromhome，butforageontheenemy.Thusthearmywillhavefoodenoughforitsneeds.国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；PovertyoftheStateexchequercausesanarmytobemaintainedbycontributionsfromadistance.Contributingtomaintainanarmyatadistancecausesthepeopletobeimpoverished.近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，Ontheotherhand，theproximityofanarmycausespricestogoup；andhighpricescausethepeople'ssubstancetobedrainedaway.财竭则急于丘役。Whentheirsubstanceisdrainedaway，thepeasantrywillbeafflictedbyheavyexactions.力屈中原、内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。Withthislossofsubstanceandexhaustionofstrength，thehomesofthepeoplewillbestrippedbare，andthree-tenthsoftheirincomewillbedissipated；whilegovernmentexpensesforbrokenchariots，worn-outhorses，breast-platesandhelmets，bowsandarrows，spearsandshields，protectivemantles，draught-oxenandheavywagons，willamounttofour-tenthsofitstotalrevenue.故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；杆一石，当吾二十石。Henceawisegeneralmakesapointofforagingontheenemy.Onecartloadoftheenemy'sprovisionsisequivalenttotwentyofone'sown，andlikewiseasinglepiculofhisprovenderisequivalenttotwentyfromone'sownstore.【注：】：“忌”加“艹”头。故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。Nowinordertokilltheenemy，ourmenmustberousedtoanger；thattheremaybeadvantagefromdefeatingtheenemy，theymusthavetheirrewards.车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。Thereforeinchariotfighting，whentenormorechariotshavebeentaken，thoseshouldberewardedwhotookthefirst.Ourownflagsshouldbesubstitutedforthoseoftheenemy，andthechariotsmingledandusedinconjunctionwithours.Thecapturedsoldiersshouldbekindlytreatedandkept.Thisiscalled，usingtheconqueredfoetoaugmentone'sownstrength.故兵贵胜，不贵久。Inwar，then，letyourgreatobjectbevictory，notlengthycampaigns.故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。Thusitmaybeknownthattheleaderofarmiesisthearbiterofthepeople'sfate，themanonwhomitdependswhetherthenationshallbeinpeaceorinperil.谋攻第三III.AttackbyStratagem孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。SunTzusaid：Inthepracticalartofwar，thebestthingofallistotaketheenemy'scountrywholeandintact；toshatteranddestroyitisnotsogood.So，too，itisbettertorecaptureanarmyentirethantodestroyit，tocapturearegiment，adetachmentoracompanyentirethantodestroythem.是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。Hencetofightandconquerinallyourbattlesisnotsupremeexcellence；supremeexcellenceconsistsinbreakingtheenemy'sresistancewithoutfighting.故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。Thusthehighestformofgeneralshipistobalktheenemy'splans；thenextbestistopreventthejunctionoftheenemy'sforces；thenextinorderistoattacktheenemy'sarmyinthefield；andtheworstpolicyofallistobesiegewalledcities.攻城之法，为不得已。修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。Theruleis，nottobesiegewalledcitiesifitcanpossiblybeavoided.Thepreparationofmantlets，movableshelters，andvariousimplementsofwar，willtakeupthreewholemonths；andthepilingupofmoundsoveragainstthewallswilltakethreemonthsmore.将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。Thegeneral，unabletocontrolhisirritation，willlaunchhismentotheassaultlikeswarmingants，withtheresultthatone-thirdofhismenareslain，whilethetownstillremainsuntaken.Sucharethedisastrouseffectsofasiege.故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，Thereforetheskillfulleadersubduestheenemy'stroopswithoutanyfighting；hecapturestheircitieswithoutlayingsiegetothem；heoverthrowstheirkingdomwithoutlengthyoperationsinthefield.必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。WithhisforcesintacthewilldisputethemasteryoftheEmpire，andthus，withoutlosingaman，histriumphwillbecomplete.Thisisthemethodofattackingbystratagem.故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，Itistheruleinwar，ifourforcesaretentotheenemy'sone，tosurroundhim；iffivetoone，toattackhim；iftwiceasnumerous，todivideourarmyintotwo.敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。Ifequallymatched，wecanofferbattle；ifslightlyinferiorinnumbers，wecanavoidtheenemy；ifquiteunequalineveryway，wecanfleefromhim.故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。Hence，thoughanobstinatefightmaybemadebyasmallforce，intheenditmustbecapturedbythelargerforce.夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。NowthegeneralisthebulwarkoftheState；ifthebulwarkiscompleteatallpoints；theStatewillbestrong；ifthebulwarkisdefective，theStatewillbeweak.故君之所以患于军者三：Therearethreewaysinwhicharulercanbringmisfortuneuponhisarmy：（1）不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；（1）Bycommandingthearmytoadvanceortoretreat，beingignorantofthefactthatitcannotobey.Thisiscalledhobblingthearmy.（2）不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；（2）Byattemptingtogovernanarmyinthesamewayasheadministersakingdom，beingignorantoftheconditionswhichobtaininanarmy.Thiscausesrestlessnessinthesoldier'sminds.（3）不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。（3）Byemployingtheofficersofhisarmywithoutdiscrimination，throughignoranceofthemilitaryprincipleofadaptationtocircumstances.Thisshakestheconfidenceofthesoldiers.三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。Butwhenthearmyisrestlessanddistrustful，troubleissuretocomefromtheotherfeudalprinces.Thisissimplybringinganarchyintothearmy，andflingingvictoryaway.故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。Thuswemayknowthattherearefiveessentialsforvictory：（1）Hewillwinwhoknowswhentofightandwhennottofight.（2）Hewillwinwhoknowshowtohandlebothsuperiorandinferiorforces.（3）Hewillwinwhosearmyisanimatedbythesamespiritthroughoutallitsranks.（4）Hewillwinwho，preparedhimself，waitstotaketheenemyunprepared.（5）Hewillwinwhohasmilitarycapacityandisnotinterferedwithbythesovereign.故曰：知己知彼，百战不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。Hencethesaying：Ifyouknowtheenemyandknowyourself，youneednotfeartheresultofahundredbattles.Ifyouknowyourselfbutnottheenemy，foreveryvictorygainedyouwillalsosufferadefeat.Ifyouknowneithertheenemynoryourself，youwillsuccumbineverybattle.军形第四IV.TacticalDispositions孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌之可胜。SunTzusaid：Thegoodfightersofoldfirstputthemselvesbeyondthepossibilityofdefeat，andthenwaitedforanopportunityofdefeatingtheenemy.不可胜在己，可胜在敌。Tosecureourselvesagainstdefeatliesinourownhands，buttheopportunityofdefeatingtheenemyisprovidedbytheenemyhimself.故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌之必可胜。Thusthegoodfighterisabletosecurehimselfagainstdefeat，butcannotmakecertainofdefeatingtheenemy.故曰：胜可知，而不可为。Hencethesaying：Onemayknowhowtoconquerwithoutbeingabletodoit.不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。Securityagainstdefeatimpliesdefensivetactics；abilitytodefeattheenemymeanstakingtheoffensive.守则不足，攻则有余。Standingonthedefensiveindicatesinsufficientstrength；attacking，asuperabundanceofstrength.善守者藏于九地之下，善攻者动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。Thegeneralwhoisskilledindefensehidesinthemostsecretrecessesoftheearth；hewhoisskilledinattackflashesforthfromthetopmostheightsofheaven.Thusontheonehandwehaveabilitytoprotectourselves；ontheother，avictorythatiscomplete.见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；Toseevictoryonlywhenitiswithinthekenofthecommonherdisnottheacmeofexcellence.战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。NeitherisittheacmeofexcellenceifyoufightandconquerandthewholeEmpiresays，"Welldone！"故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。Toliftanautumnhairisnosignofgreatstrength；toseethesunandmoonisnosignofsharpsight；tohearthenoiseofthunderisnosignofaquickear.古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。Whattheancientscalledacleverfighterisonewhonotonlywins，butexcelsinwinningwithease.故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功，Hencehisvictoriesbringhimneitherreputationforwisdomnorcreditforcourage.故其战胜不忒。不忒者，其所措胜，胜已败者也。Hewinshisbattlesbymakingnomistakes.Makingnomistakesiswhatestablishesthecertaintyofvictory，foritmeansconqueringanenemythatisalreadydefeated.故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。Hencetheskillfulfighterputshimselfintoapositionwhichmakesdefeatimpossible，anddoesnotmissthemomentfordefeatingtheenemy.是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵先战而后求胜。Thusitisthatinwarthevictoriousstrategistonlyseeksbattleafterthevictoryhasbeenwon，whereashewhoisdestinedtodefeatfirstfightsandafterwardslooksforvictory.善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。Theconsummateleadercultivatesthemorallaw，andstrictlyadherestomethodanddiscipline；thusitisinhispowertocontrolsuccess.兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜。Inrespectofmilitarymethod，wehave，firstly，Measurement；secondly，Estimationofquantity；thirdly，Calculation；fourthly，Balancingofchances；fifthly，Victory.地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。MeasurementowesitsexistencetoEarth；EstimationofquantitytoMeasurement；CalculationtoEstimationofquantity；BalancingofchancestoCalculation；andVictorytoBalancingofchances.故胜兵若以镒称铢，败兵若以铢称镒。Avictoriousarmyopposedtoaroutedone，isasapound'sweightplacedinthescaleagainstasinglegrain.称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。Theonrushofaconqueringforceisliketheburstingofpent-upwatersintoachasmathousandfathomsdeep.兵势第五V.Energy孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也；SunTzusaid：Thecontrolofalargeforceisthesameprincipleasthecontrolofafewmen：itismerelyaquestionofdividinguptheirnumbers.斗众如斗寡，形名是也；Fightingwithalargearmyunderyourcommandisnowisedifferentfromfightingwithasmallone：itismerelyaquestionofinstitutingsignsandsignals.三军之众，可使必受敌而无败者，奇正是也；Toensurethatyourwholehostmaywithstandthebruntoftheenemy'sattackandremainunshakenthisiseffectedbymaneuversdirectandindirect.兵之所加，如以碬投卵者，虚实是也。Thattheimpactofyourarmymaybelikeagrindstonedashedagainstaneggthisiseffectedbythescienceofweakpointsandstrong.凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。Inallfighting，thedirectmethodmaybeusedforjoiningbattle，butindirectmethodswillbeneededinordertosecurevictory.故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江海。终而复始，日月是也。死而更生，四时是也。Indirecttactics，efficientlyapplied，areinexhaustibleasHeavenandEarth，unendingastheflowofriversandstreams；likethesunandmoon，theyendbuttobeginanew；likethefourseasons，theypassawaytoreturnoncemore.声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也；Therearenotmorethanfivemusicalnotes，yetthecombinationsofthesefivegiverisetomoremelodiesthancaneverbeheard.色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也；Therearenotmorethanfiveprimarycolors（blue，yellow，red，white，andblack），yetincombinationtheyproducemorehuesthancaneverbeenseen.味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也；Therearenotmorethanfivecardinaltastes（sour，acrid，salt，sweet，bitter），yetcombinationsofthemyieldmoreflavorsthancaneverbetasted.战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。Inbattle，therearenotmorethantwomethodsofattackthedirectandtheindirect；yetthesetwoincombinationgiverisetoanendlessseriesofmaneuvers.奇正相生，如循环之无端，孰能穷之哉！Thedirectandtheindirectleadontoeachotherinturn.Itislikemovinginacircleyounevercometoanend.Whocanexhaustthepossibilitiesoftheircombination？激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也；Theonsetoftroopsisliketherushofatorrentwhichwillevenrollstonesalonginitscourse.鸷鸟之疾，至于毁折者，节也。Thequalityofdecisionislikethewell-time