《英语(二)》复习资料(自考专升本).pdf

英语（二）复习资料英语（二）复习资料语法主要考哪些项目？语法主要考哪些项目？英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。*最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。*最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。*最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。*最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+of+which 引导的定语从句。*名词性从句：what，whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that 引导的同位语从句。*状语从句：now that，in that，in case，as，while 引导的状语从句。哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点：*绝大部分是长度在 5-8 个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim，gesture 等；*拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb，subtle 等。*个别非常简单、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube.*从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。复习建议复习建议针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。1.第一步，应该抽出半个月到二十天的时间，把书上可能考到的内容好好地总结一下。课文中涉及的重要的语法现象，如带虚拟语气、独立主格的句子，接动名词作宾语的动词，倒装句，强调句，what，that，whether 引导的从句等，最好都分类摘抄下来。2.做完整理工作后，应该进入下一步，即通过一定量的模拟训练来熟悉考试题型、提高实战能力。模拟训练应注意以下几点：（1）做题时，一定要独立完成。不管做题的过程多么困难，都要硬着头皮去做，只有这样才能在考场上发挥自如。（2）保持一定的频率也很重要。至少一周应该完成两套题，否则达不到强化的效果。（3）及时总结。如果做完几套题后反复出现同样的错误，一定要请老师对相关内容作详细的讲解，并针对性地多做巩固练习，直到问题得到真正的解决。（4）做完十套左右的模拟题后，应该再做几套最近几年的真题。这时你可以对自己的实际水平有一个比较准确的估计。哪些方面是你的长处，哪些方面还存在薄弱环节，并利用最后一两周的时间来进行弥补。（5）除了做题，这三个月期间应该天天坚持的是背单词。每天抽出半个小时至一个小时，把大纲词汇包括后面的词组至少从头至尾完整地过一遍，有可能考拼写的重点单词要动笔抄写，常用活用的词要记搭配，容易混淆的词放在一起进行比较。3.最后一周的总复习。考试前的最后一周应该再来一次全面的总复习。复习内容包括第一步中抄下来的课文中的重点句子、第二步作题时纪录下来的常出错的语法项，重点的单词，和总结出来的答题技巧。如果还有时间，也可以把最后做过的真题再做一遍。相信经过精心的计划和充分的准备，此刻的你一定成竹在胸，胜券在握了。1 12 2、重点语法知识讲解、重点语法知识讲解动词的时态和语态一览表时态时态一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时一般将来时一般将来时语态语态主动主动dododiddidwill dowill do被动被动are doneare donewere donewere donewill be donewill be done现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时将来进行时将来进行时主动主动are doing areare doing arewere doingwere doingwill be doingwill be doing被动被动being donebeing donewere being donewere being done现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时将来完成时将来完成时have donehave donewill have donewill have done主动主动had donehad donehave beenhave beenwill have beenwill have been被动被动had been donehad been donedonedonedonedone现在完成进行时现在完成进行时主动主动have been doinghave been doing被动被动1.1 现在完成时发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。现在完成时的标志：so far，by now/up to now，for three years，since 1995，in thepast two decades1.2 过去完成时过去的过去。1）said，reported，thought 等引导的间接引语中。He missed the train.He said he had missed the train.2）hardlywhen，no sooner than 句型中表示先发生的动作No sooner had he got up than he received the call.3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中If I had tried harder，I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam.1.3 完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直The water has been running the whole night.1.4 过去时过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。过去时的标志：yesterday，in 1995，last week，in the nineteenth century，five yearsago 等等。2.2.非谓语动词非谓语动词2.1 非谓语动词一览表非谓语动词非谓语动词形式形式意义意义现在分词现在分词一一 般般 式式doingdoing主动主动，正在进行，正在进行被被 动动 式式being donebeing done被动被动，正在进行，正在进行完成主动式完成主动式having donehaving done主动主动，已经完成，已经完成完成被动式完成被动式having been donehaving been done被动被动，已经完成，已经完成过去分词过去分词donedone被动被动，已经完成，已经完成2 2动词不定式动词不定式一一 般般 式式to doto do主动主动，将要进行，将要进行被被 动动 式式to be doneto be done被动被动，将要进行，将要进行完成主动式完成主动式to have doneto have done主动主动，已经完成，已经完成进行主动式进行主动式to be doingto be doing主动主动，正在进行，正在进行2.2.非谓语动词作状语动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语I came here to meet you.（目的）He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train.（结果）分词：1）伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语Walking along the street，he met his old friend.（时间）Being very tired，my father didnt go out with us.（原因）Made by hand，the silk shirt is very expensive.（原因）Seen from the space，the earth looks like a blue ball.（条件）2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构1）Having done their homework，the children began to play.（分词作状语）2）After having done their homework，the children began to play.（连词+分词）3）After they had done their homework，the children began to play.（状语从句）4）With homework done，the children began to play.（独立结构）2.4 非谓语动词作定语1）If there is no choice，there is no decision _（make）。（to be made）2）Do you know the man _（stand）in front of the house？（standing）3）The question _（discuss）at the moment is very important.（being discussed）4）The bridge _（build）in the 1950s is still in good condition.（built）2.5 动名词和动词不定式作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。Rising early is good for health.To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My biggest wish is to go abroad.Seeing is believing.作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，acknowledge，avoid，appreciate，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse，forgive，finish，include，involve，mind，put off，postpone，suggest，feel like，look forwardto，be used to，be accustomed to，etc.接动词不定式作宾语的动词：want，tend，intend，pretend，hope，plan，expect，be supposed to，seem，be likely to，used to，be willing to，desire，force，prefer，start，begin接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：1）forget，remember，regret2）stop，continue3）need/want4）allow doing/allow sb to do（1）How can I forget meeting you for the first time？Sorry，I forgot to lock the door.3 3（2）I cant stop laughing.Can you stop to give me a hand？（3）The grass needs cutting.The grass needs to be cut.（4）We dont allow smoking here.You are not allowed to smoke here.3.3.虚拟语气虚拟语气第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间时间从句从句主句主句与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 d did/wereid/wereshould/could/would+doshould/could/would+do与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 h had donead doneshould/could/would+have doneshould/could/would+have done与将来事实相反与将来事实相反 w were to do should doere to do should do s should/could/would+dohould/could/would+doIf I were you，I would be happy to do it.If we had got the news，we could have prepared earlier.If the job were to succeed，you should work harder.第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气1）would rather+从句2）wish+从句3）if only+从句4）as if/as though+从句5）Its time+从句I would rather you didnt tell me the story now.I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.第三大类：从句中用 should 加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中 should 可省略。1）suggest，propose，advise，move（动议），ask，order，require，request，desire，insist，prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；2）suggestion，proposal，advice，motion，order，requirement，request，desire，preference等名词后的同位语从句；3）important，necessary，essential，imperative，desirable，advisable，preferable等形容词用在 it is that句型中；4）lest，in case，for fear that 等引导的从句中。It is suggested that the meeting（should）be put off.It is my suggestion that the meeting（should）be put off.It is necessary that the meeting（should）be put off.He came to the office earlier lest he（should）miss the important meeting.4.4.定语从句和名词性从句定语从句和名词性从句4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1）关系代词（在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which，that，who，whom，whose2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when，where，why，how名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句：1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that，whether，if2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when，where，why，how4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that，which 在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词 that 不在从句中担任任何成分。1）The story（that）he told me may not be true.定语从句4 42）The story that he has made a fortune may not be true.同位语从句4.3 什么时候用介词which 的形式？如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用 that/which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。1）The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.2）The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as 有“正如”的意思，而 which没有。1）He is easy to get angry，which is well known.他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2）He is easy to get angry，as everybody knows.正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。2.1 2.1 强化练习强化练习1.1.动词时态强化练习动词时态强化练习1.I was hired（hire）by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work inLondon in 1989.解析：过去时的被动语态，标志语：1989.2.However，many people doubt whether this will reduce（reduce）the incidence ofabuse.解析：一般将来时，表示“会减少”的意思。3.Up to that time，the blues had been（be）an essentially black medium.解析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示“过去的过去”。4.Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are beingphysically，sexually andpsychologically abused（abuse）。解析：现在进行时的被动。5.If you do not（not，control）it，it will control you.解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。6.You will enjoy your fun time more after youhave completed（complete）your studyresponsibilities.解析：现在完成时，表示“已经完成”。7.Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is（be）a challenge that continues throughoutlife.解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。8.The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed（witness）the first extendedtranslation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.解析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century.9.All the worries they might have felt for him were driven（drive）off by the sightof his cheerful face.解析：一般过去时的被动10.Attempts to break up this old system have been made（make）in every presidentialelection in the past one hundred years.解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years.2.2.非谓语动词强化练习非谓语动词强化练习1.The mother didnt know who to blame（blame）for the broken glass.解析：who+动词不定式做 know 的宾语2.The children brought（bring）up in this way tend to be healthier.5 5解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。3.It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused（focus）on the economy.解析：过去分词做宾补。4.Putting（put）food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.解析：动名词作主语。5.It seems reasonable to assume that，other things being（be）equal，they wouldprefer single to shared rooms.解析：现在分词用在独立结构中6.This poem，if translated（translate）word for word into Chinese，will make nosense.解析：连词加过去分词作状语7.They may have their passports removed（remove），making leaving or“escaping”actually impossible.解析：过去分词作宾补8.Her body，with hands and feet bound（bind），was discovered by a traveler earlyin the morning.解析：过去分词用在独立结构中9.I couldnt help but feel（feel）this is a very strange life.解析：couldnt help but 后接动词原形10.Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving（revolve）round the sun.解析：现在分词作定语3.3.虚拟语气强化练习虚拟语气强化练习1.If it hadnt been for your help，we would have been（be）in real trouble.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句2.He would have given you more help，if he had not been（not be）so busy.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句3.It is high time that we took（take）firm measures to protect ourenvironment.解析：It is high time+过去式的虚拟形式4.It was imperative that students finish（finish）their papers before July 1st.解析：It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式5.They demanded that the right to vote be given（give）to every adult person.解析：demand 所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式6.There was a mistake on my paycheck.I should have received（receive）$10 more.解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。7.I would rather he bought（buy）the house next year.解析：would rather 后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。8.The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met（meet）them before.解析：as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。9.Should she come tomorrow，I _ take her to the museum.正确答案为CA can B will C would D must解析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。10.If we _ everything ready by now，we should be having a terrible timetomorrow.正确答案为 AA hadnt got B didnt get C wouldnt have got D wouldnt get解析：从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now 可以看出），所以变为过6 6去完成时。4.4.定语从句和名词性从句强化练习定语从句和名词性从句强化练习1.Studies have shown _ teenagers often suffer from depression.正确答案为 A解析：that 引导宾语从句A that B which C in which D in that2.It is a well-known fact _ a person will move in a circle when he cannotuse his eyes to control his direction.正确答案为 AA that B if C when D whether解析：that 引导同位语从句3.On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economicorder_ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set highcommodity prices.正确答案为 CA which B what C that D in that解析：that 引导同位语从句4.It is not yetknown _ computers will oneday have vision as good ashumanvision.正确答案为 AA whether B if C that D how解析：it 为形式主语，whether 引导真正的主语从句5.Such attitudes amount to a belief _ leisure can and should be put to gooduse.正确答案为 DA which B if C whether D that解析：that 引导同位语从句6.The reason for making a decision is _ a problem exists，goals are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.正确答案为 DA why B because C where D that解析：that 引导表语从句7._ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of analmost limitless range of expression.正确答案为 AA What B Whether C That D Which解析：what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语8.Very few people understood this contract，_ was very obscure.正确答案为 BA the languageB the language of which C all it saidD which ithad said解析：the language of which 引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语9.Often music was played out of doors，_ nature provided the environment.正确答案为 DA whichB that C in which D where解析：where 引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语10.Many of us visited the industrial exhibition，_，to our disappointment，we saw very few high-tech products.正确答案为 AA where B which C as D that解析：where 引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语语法题答题要诀：语法题答题要诀：1）牢记上述表格；7 72）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。复习指南：复习指南：在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！三大原则：三大原则：1.吃透 A 课文，看懂 B 课文；2.背熟可能考汉译英的句子；3.关注含有重点语法的句子。Unit 1Unit 11.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goalsand objectives.2.Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave aslittle as possible to chance.3.For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like.4.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.5.Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternativesis bestthat is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizationalgoals.6.Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain thegoals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.7.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.8.The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment.9.She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.10.I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.11.Although he thought he was helping us with the job，he was only in the way.Unit 2Unit 212.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequatehere.13.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into whichmatter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.14.Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.15.This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.16.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into blackholes.17.Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes formankind.18.He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.19.He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.20.The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.21.The research group launched out into a series of new experiments.Unit 3Unit 322.Each time it is shown，the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject.8 823.In addition to this，a second doctor must confirm thatthese criteria have beenmet.24.In the vast majority of euthanasia cases，what the patient is actually askingfor is something else.25.Euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.26.Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those peoplemorevulnerable.27.Instructions will be sent immediately on request.28.Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.29.She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone.30.Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.31.The committee demands that no member（should）be absent.Unit 4Unit 432.Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are being exploited and abus