药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版.pdf
本篇包括人卫第四版本篇包括人卫第四版 Unit 3BUnit 3B，Unit4AUnit4A，5A5A，8A8A，10A10A，12AB12AB，13A13A 等七篇课文等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of AntibioticsUnit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyonehas benefited from their use at one time or another.Even without such personal experience,however,one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues,real and speculative,of these“miracle”drugs1.The American press,radio,and television have done a good job of reporting thetruly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs.What s more,any shortcomingson their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of thepharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显著功绩。而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。In comparison,the inadequacies and potential dangers of these remarkable drugs are much lesswidely known.And the lack of such knowledge can be bad,especially if it leads patients to pressuretheir doctors into prescribing antibiotics when such medication isnt really needed,or leads them toswitch doctors until they find one who is,so to speak,antibiotics-minded2.相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。Because the good side of the antibiotics story is so very well-known,there seems more pointhere to a review of some of the immediate and long-range problems that can come from todayscasual use of these drugs.It should be made clear in advance that calamities from the use ofantibiotics are rare in relation to the enormous amounts of the drugs administered.But the potentialhazards,so little touched on generally,do need a clear statement.因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。The antibiotics are not,strictly speaking,exclusively prescription drugs.A number of them arepermitted in such over-the-counter products as nasal sprays,lozenges,troches,creams,andointments.Even if these products do no harm there is no point whatsoever in using them.If youhave an infection serious enough to warrant the launching of chemical warfare,you need muchbigger doses of the antibiotics than any of the non-prescription products are allowed to contain.严格来讲，抗生素并不全是处方药。许多抗生素被允许作为非处方药(如鼻喷雾剂、键剂、片剂、软膏和乳膏),尽管它们没有危害，也不能随意地使用。如果你患了严重的感染，你就得需要比非处方药所允许最大剂量更大剂量的抗生素了。Over-the-counter products,however,account for only a small percentage of total antibioticsproduction.It is the prescription dosages that give people trouble.然而，非处方药品只是整个抗生素类产品的一小部分，正是处方药物给人类带来了麻烦。These drugseven allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones andthe versatility of the broad-spectrum ones are not the cure-alls they often are billed as being.Thereare wide gaps in their ability to master contagious diseases.Such important infections as mumps,measles,common colds,influenza,and infectious hepatitis still await conquest.All are virusinfections and despite intense efforts,very little progress has been made in chemotherapy againstviruses.Only small progress has been achieved against fungi.Many strains of bacteria and fungiare naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs.这些药物一即使允许最大能力,很多窄谱抗生素和广谱抗生素也并不是如宣传的那样治疗百病。它们的能力与治疗传染性疾病间还存在很大的差距。如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等严重感染性疾病仍有待解决。这些都是病毒感染，尽管做出了很大的努力，但是在抗病毒的化疗药物的研究上几乎没有什么进展。抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。Somemicroorganisms originallysensitivetotheactionofantibiotics,especiallystaphylococcus,have developed resistant strains.This acquired resistance imposes on the longrange value of the drugs a very important limitation,which is not adequately met by the frequentintroduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.一些原来对抗生素敏感的细菌，特别是葡萄球菌现在也产生了耐药性，这些获得的耐药性对药物的长期使用产生重要的限制，频繁引人新的抗菌药物也不能完全解决这个问题。It has been pretty well established that the increase in strains of bacteria resistant to an antibioticcorrelates directly with the duration and extent of use of that antibiotic in a given location.In onehospital a survey showed that,before erythromycin had been widely used there,all strains ofstaphylococci taken from patients and personnel were sensitive to its action.When the hospitalstarted extensive use of erythromycin,however,resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear.现已经确定，在一些地区，抗生素广泛和长期的使用与细菌耐药性增加有直接的相互关系。某医院调查显示，在红霉素广泛使用以前，所有从病人身上取出的葡萄球菌都对红霉素敏感.然而，自从医院开始广泛应用红霉素以来，耐药葡萄球菌菌株开始出现。The development of bacterial resistance can be minimized by a more discriminating use ofantibiotics,and the person taking the drug can help here.When an antibiotic must be used,the bestway to prevent the development of resistance is to wipe out the infection as rapidly and thoroughlyas possible.Ideally,this requires a bactericidal drug,which destroys,rather than a bacteriostaticdrug,which inhibits.And the drug must be taken in adequate dosage for as long as is necessary toeradicate the infection completely.The doctor,of course,must choose the drug,but patients canhelp by being sure to take the full course of treatment recommended by the doctor,even thoughsymptoms seem to disappear before all the pills are gone.In rare instances the emergence ofresistance can be delayed or reduced by combinations of antibiotics.Treatment of tuberculosis withstreptomycin alone results in a high degree of resistance,but if para-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazidis used with streptomycin the possibility that this complication will arise is greatly reduced.更有区别的应用抗生素可以最大限度地抑制细菌耐药性的发展，使用药物的病人可对此有所帮助。当必须使用一种抗生素时，最好的避免耐药性方法就是尽快彻底地去除感染。这就需要用能杀死细菌的杀菌药，而不是抑制细菌的抑菌药。这种药物必须使用一定剂量，并且一定的时间以完全根除这种感染。医生当然得选这种药，但患者须遵医嘱、使用足够的治疗量，即使在药物吃完以前症状似乎已经消失。少数情况下联合用药可以推迟或降低耐药性的产生。用链霉素单独治疗结核病会导致高度的耐药，但如果链霉素联用对氨基水杨酸或异烟肼将大大降低耐药性。In hospital treatment of severe infections,the sensitivity of the infecting organism toappropriate antibiotics is determined in the laboratory before treatment is started.This enables thedoctor to select the most effective drug or drugs;it determines whether the antibiotic is bactericidalor bacteriostatic for the germs at hand;and it suggests the amount needed to destroy the growth ofthe bacteria completely.In either hospital or home,aseptic measures can help to reduce theprevalence of resistant strains of germs by preventing cross infection and the resultant spreading oforganisms.在医院治疗严重感染时，感染菌对抗生素的敏感性在治疗前已在实验室确定，这样可以使医生选择最有效的药物，可以决定使用抑菌还是杀菌的抗生素，并可对能完全破坏细菌生长所需的用量给出建议。无论在医院或是在家里，无菌措施由于避免了交叉感染以及由此造成的生物体传播，从而可以降低细菌耐药菌株的广泛流行。Every one of the antibiotics is potentially dangerous for some people.Several serious reactionsmay result from their use.One is a severe,sometimes fatal,shock-like anaphylactic action,whichmay strike people who have become sensitized to penicillin.Anaphylactic reaction happens lessfrequently and is less severe when the antibiotic is given by mouth.It is most apt to occur in peoplewith a history of allergy,or a record of sensitivity to penicillin.Very small amounts of penicillin,even the traces which get into the milk of cows for a few days after they are treated with theantibiotic for mastitis,may be sufficient to sensitize;hence,the strong campaign by food and drugofficials to keep such milk off the market.对有些人来说任何一种抗生素都可能有潜在的危险。一些严重的反应可能是由于它们的应用产生的，其中之一就是严重的有时甚至是致死性的过敏性休克，对青霉素过敏的人使用青霉素将很危险。口服抗生素将使过敏频率降低或降低严重性。青霉素过敏或有过敏史者更容易发生。奶牛使用抗生素治疗乳腺炎几天后，其牛奶中带入的极其少量甚至痕量的青霉素也可能足以引起过敏。所以食品药品监督官员采取强有力的措施防止这种牛奶进人市场。To minimize the risk of anaphylactic shock in illnesses where injections of penicillin are thepreferred treatment,a careful doctor will question the patient carefully about allergies and previousreactions.In case of doubt another antibiotic will be substituted,if feasible,or other precautionarymeasures will be taken before the injection is given.当注射青霉素是首选治疗方案时，为降低这种过敏性休克，谨慎的医生会仔细询问病人的过敏史及其反应。如过敏史不清楚，医生会用其他抗生素代替或注射前用其他方法检查其是否过敏。Other untoward reactions to antibiotics are gastrointestinal disorderssuch as sore mouth,cramps,diarrhea,or anal itchwhich occur most frequently after use of the tetracycline group buthave also been encountered after use of penicillin and streptomycin.These reactions may resultfrom suppression by the antibiotic of bacteria normally found in the gastrointestinal tract.With theircompetition removed,antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or fungi,which also are normally present,are free to flourish and cause what is called a super-infection.Such infections can be extremelydifficult to cure.其他抗生素不良反应包括胃肠道不适，如口腔疼痛、痉挛、腹泻、肛门瘙痒，这种情况在使用四环素类抗生素后经常发生，在使用青霉素和链霉素后也会遇到。这些反应可能是由于使用的抗生素抑制了正常的胃肠道菌群引起的。随着这种竞争的消除，正常存在的葡萄球菌或真菌耐药菌株自由繁殖并引起所谓的超感染，这种感染将更难治疗。A few antibiotics have such toxic effects that their usefulness is strictly limited.They includestreptomycin and dihydro-streptomycin,which sometimes cause deafness,and chloramphenicol,which may injure the bone marrow.Drugs with such serious potential dangers as these should beused only if life is threatened and nothing else will work有些抗生素有毒性作用，使其应用受到了严格的限制。这类抗生素包括会导致耳聋的链霉素和双氢链霉素，以及会产生骨髓损伤的氯霉素。这些有严重危险的药物只有在生命受到威胁或其他药物无效时才使用。All the possible troubles that can result from antibiotic treatment should not keep anyone fromusing one of these drugs when it is clearly indicated.Nor should they discourage certain preventiveuses of antibiotics which have proved extremely valuable.由于有些抗生素疗效确切，因此使用抗生素所带来的所有可能的麻烦也不能阻止任何人用任何一种抗生素，对于被证明是有效的抗生素，人们不会不鼓励它们的使用。翻译翻译1.另一种发现新的抗生素的高难度方法是合理药物设计，即利用有关分子结构的知识来进行全新的药品设计或改进。Rational drug design is another more difficult method of new antibiotics discovery,that is tosay,design or improve a brand new drug by using the knowledge of molecular structure.2.制药工业在探索和开发新药的同时还要对抗现有抗生素不断増长的微生物耐药性，这将是一条漫长的道路。When pharmaceutical industry explores and develops a new drug,it fights against the microbialresistances to available antibiotics all the time.It is a very long way.3.应该大力鼓励医生、制药业以及公众态度的转变。必须将抗生素视为一种应被谨慎使用并且仅在真正必需时才使用的宝贵资源。The change of doctors,pharmaceutical industry and the public attitudes should be encouragedgreatly.The antibiotics must be viewed as a precious resource only used cautiously in real needs.4.全世界都必须在医学教育的初期就进行关于抗生素的审慎使用及其耐药危险的灌输，并且，这种教育还应贯穿于医学工作者的整个医疗生涯。The cautious use of antibiotics and their hazardous resistances should be pumped into themedical students during their early medical education throughout the world.Whats more,thiseducation should penetrate through the medical workers whole career.5.制药工业必须停止推进非临床使用抗生素的生产，并且，它应该认识到，它将从抗生素的合理使用中获利，因此，应该对为此所作的各种尝试提供财务援助。Pharmaceutical industry must stop producing the non-clinical antibiotics,and it may realizethat it will benefit a lot from rational use of antibiotics.Hence,it should offer financial aids to allthese attempts.Unit 4 Text A The Scope of PharmacologyUnit 4 Text A The Scope of Pharmacology药理学范畴药理学范畴In its entirety,pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history,source,physical andchemical properties,compounding,biochemical and physiological effects,mechanisms of action,absorption,distribution,biotransformation and excretion,and therapeutic and other uses of drugs.Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes,the subject ofpharmacology is obviously quite extensive.总体来说，药理学包括药物的以下诸方面内容:历史背景、来源、理化特性、合成、生化生理作用、作用机制、吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄以及治疗作用和其他作用。由于药物被一般性定义为影响生命过程的化学物质，因而药理学范畴显然是极其广泛的。For the physician and the medical student,however,the scope of pharmacology is lessexpansive than indicated by the above definitions.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs thatare useful in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of human disease,or in the prevention ofpregnancy.His study of the pharmacology of these drugs can be reasonably limited to those aspectsthat provide the basis for their rational clinical use.Secondarily,the physician is also concernedwith chemical agents that are not used in therapy but are commonly responsible for household andindustrial poisoning as well as environmental pollution.His study of these substances is justifiablyrestricted to the general principles of prevention,recognition,and treatment of such toxicity orpollution.Finally,all physicians share in the responsibility to help resolve the continuingsociological problem of the abuse of drugs.然而，就医生和医学生生而言，药理学范畴并没有上述定义那么广泛。临床医生的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗.或是在避孕方而所起的作用。因而他对这些药物的药理学研究不仅仅周限于某些方面，只要能为其合理的临床用药提供理论根据就行。其次，医生也关注某些化学物质，这些物质虽然不用于治疗，但通常与家庭中毒；工业中毒以及环境污染有关。医生对这些物质的研究当然仅限于一般性了解。对这类中毒或汚污染的防范、诊断和治疗。最后，所有医生都应责无旁贷地为解决药品滥用所引起的社会问题而做出自己的努力。A brief consideration of its major subject areas will further clarify how the study ofpharmacology is best approached from the standpoint of the specific requirements and interests ofthe medical student and practitioner.At one time,it was essential for the physician to have a broadbotanical knowledge,since he had to select the proper plants from which to prepare his own crudemedicinal preparations.However,fewer drugs are now obtained from natural sources,and,moreimportantly,most of these are highly purified or standardized and differ little from syntheticchemicals.Hence,the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.Nevertheless,scientific curiosity should stimulate the physician to learn something of the sourcesof drugs,and this knowledge often proves practically useful as well as interesting.He will find thehistory of drugs of similar value.从医学生和从业医师的特別耑求和一般兴趣的角度来看，什么才是药理学学习的最佳途径呢？只要对其主要学科领域稍加研究便可知晓。以前，医师必须拥有广泛的植物方而的知识，因为他得挑选适当的植物，且将其制备成简单的药物制剂。然而，现在的药物已很少取自于天然植物，而且更为重要的是大多数天然药物已被高度提纯，且与合成的化学药物无甚区别，所以，临床医生对生药学的兴趣也相应减弱。尽管如此，应该激励临床医生了解药物的来源的科学好奇心，这方面知识往往被证明不但有趣，而且有用。他将会发现了解药物的历史同样具有价值。The preparing,compounding,and dispensing of medicines at one time lay within the provinceof the physician,but this work is now delegated almost completely to the pharmacist1.However,towrite intelligent prescription orders,the physician must have some knowledge of the physical andchemical properties of drugs and their available dosage forms,and he must have a basic familiaritywith the practice of pharmacy.When the physician shirks his responsibility in this regard,heinvariably fails to translate his knowledge of pharmacology and medicine into prescription ordersand medication best suited for the individual patient.药物的制备、合成与销售一度都是医生的职责，但这项工作现在几乎全归药师了。不过临床医师要想开出合理的处方，必须对药物的理化性质及其现有剂型有所了解,必须基本了解药房业务。若临床医师逃避这方面责任，他肯定用不好药理学及药物知识，从而难以开出适合每位患者的最佳医疗处方。IPharmacokinetics deals with the absorption,distribution,biotransformation,and excretion ofdrugs.These factors,coupled with dosage,determine the concentration of a drug at its sites of actionand,hence,the intensity of its effects as a function of time.Many basic principles of biochemistryand enzymology and the physical and chemical principles that govern the active and passive transferand the distribution of substances across biological membranes are readily applied to theunderstanding of this important aspect of pharmacology2.药物动力学涉及药物的吸收、分布、生物转化以及排泄等方面。这些因素再加上剂量便决定了药物在其作用点的浓度，进而决定了其与时间成函数关系的药效强度。在对药理学这一重要方面的理解过程中，常常
