中国低碳电力的发展现状及展望.pdf

中国低碳中国低碳电力的发展现状及展望电力的发展现状及展望Status quo and Perspective of Low-C Power in China谢 进XIE Jin中国华能集团公司China Huaneng GroupBeijing 2009.06.25目目 录录 Contents1.中国发展低碳电力要充分考虑国情National Situation for Low-C Power2.发展中国特色低碳电力的基本途径Options for Low-C Power with Chinese characteristics3.近年来中国低碳电力发展取得的成就Recent achievements of Low-C Power in China4.华能低碳电力技术研发现状及展望Status and perspective of technology R&D on combating climate change by China Huaneng Group1.中国中国发展低碳电源要充分考虑国情发展低碳电源要充分考虑国情National Situation for Low-C Power我国以煤我国以煤为主的能源消费结构为主的能源消费结构Coal-based Energy Mix in China世界能源消费结构 2006World Energy Mix中国能源消费结构 2006China Energy Mix我国我国处于处于能源能源电力消费的高速增长阶段电力消费的高速增长阶段Soaring Energy and Power Consumption in China 我国工业化、城镇化加快发展的阶段性特征明显Determined by the quickening of industrialiization and urbanization.05001000150020002500300035004000200020012002200320042005200620072008百万吨标煤(M M t ce)十亿千瓦时(bi l l i on kW h)对比 for comparison 美国2007年，一次能源消费量只比2000年增加了2.6primary energy increased only 2.6%for USA in 2007 vs 2000 同期，用电量只增加了6.6USA electricity consumption up 6.6%for the same period原因 Cause 发展阶段的不同：美国发达经济体 developed economy 经济结构的不同，比较优势：economy structure and comparative advantage我国我国能源市场体系能源市场体系仍在仍在逐步逐步建立建立过程中过程中Energy Markets still under construction in China 煤炭基本实现市场化 Coal market quite open now 2003年来煤价上涨了1倍以上，2008年煤价最高升至1000元/吨以上，现在依然相对高位运行nowadays coal price is over 2 times compared with 2003,peaking at more than 1000 yuan/ton in 2008 for 5500-kcal steam coal.电力市场发电侧竞争 Competition in power generation 5大中央企业发电集团，很多地方发电企业five state-owned IPPs,and also many local and private IPPs 两家电网企业垄断经营two state-owned grid companies still in monopoly 电价由政府定价，不能反映市场变化tariffs regulated by the government,NOT reflecting changes in electricitymarket and up-and downstream markets我国低碳发展道路的现实途经我国低碳发展道路的现实途经Practical route for low-C development in China 实施低碳发展战略，减缓碳排放增长slower carbon emission increase than business as usual,deploying low-C development strategy 优化产业结构，降低单位产值能耗upgrade economy structure,lower specific energy consumption per unit of GDP 优化能源结构，降低单位能耗碳排放optimize energy mix,lower specific carbon emission per unit of energy consumption 低碳电力优先目标 top priorities for low-C power 服务经济社会发展，满足不断增长电力需求meeting the still fast growing power demand,serving economy dvpt.市场化，成本有效性market-oriented,cost-effectiveness 可持续发展战略sustainable development2.发展中国特色低碳电发展中国特色低碳电力力的基本途径的基本途径Options for Low-C Power with Chinese characteristics我国低碳电力的选择我国低碳电力的选择Options for Low-C Power in China 优先发展top priority 需求侧管理：树立“节约是最大的减排”的理念Demand Side Management 电源结构优化optimization of power source mix 提高能源转换效率boost thermal efficiency 低碳化市场设计low-c design of electricity market 次优先second priority 碳捕集二氧化碳资源化利用，如食品工业、强化资源开采等carbon capture and industrial utilization,ie,food industry,EOR,ECBM 碳捕集及封存 carbon capture and sequestration 基础研究、示范、市场、法规、风险、成本有效性、全国封存潜力评估等basic research,pilot and demo,market,legislation and regulation,risk management,cost effectiveness,national potential evaluation of sequestration,etc.需求侧管理需求侧管理DSM in end-use sectors 产业结构调整，降低单位GDP电耗adjustment of national industry structure,lower energy and electricity consumption per GDP 技术革新、节能技改，降低单位产品能耗tech.innovation and revamps,lower specific energy consumption of industry products 商业、公共设施及生活节能energy management of social,commercial and public infrastructure and life-related services 以智能电网建设推进电力需求侧管理smart grid upgraded DSM 电力体制改革，推进市场化建设步伐further market-oriented reforming of power industry电源结构优化调整电源结构优化调整(1)Optimization of Power Source Mix(1)79.4%48.6%23.4%19.4%16.4%5.8%1.5%2.0%2.8%0.7%0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%100.0%Chi na 2008USA 2007其他可再生 O t her renew abl es水电 H y dro核电 N ucl ear油气电 O i l G as煤电 C oal 中美两国发电量结构对比 China vs USA over electricity generation mix 电源结构优化调整电源结构优化调整(2)Optimization of Power Source Mix(2)优先发展核电和可再生能源Top priority:expedite the development of zero-C power soureces,such as,nuclear,hydro,wind,solar and other renewables 核电，2020年装机比例达到4%5%nuclear,by 2020,4-5%in total generating fleet 可再生能源，2010年达到能源消费总量的10%，2020年15%Renewables,10%total energy cons.by 2010,15%in 2020电源结构优化调整电源结构优化调整(3)Optimization of Power Source Mix(3)171.58.940.730.3300100301.8050100150200250300350水电H y dro风电W i nd Pow er生物质Bi om ass太阳能发电Sol ar Pow er百万千瓦(G W)百万千瓦(G W)20082020提高能源转换效率提高能源转换效率(1)Boost Thermal Efficiency(1)新建煤电机组 new coal-fired p.g.units 洁净煤发电技术 Clean Coal Techs 60万千瓦及以上超（超）临界机组supercritical and ultra-supercritical units,600+MW 实施热电联产等节能重点工程combined heat and power 缺水地区重点发展空冷节水型机组air-cooled p.g.units in regions short of water 天然气或LNG发电机组 NGCC units 伴随城市化进程和天然气基础设施建设，在大城市建设天然气热电联产、热电冷三联供机组gas-fired CHP and electricity/heat/cooling coproduction in large cities,with the on-going urbanization and NG network construction in China提高能源转换效率提高能源转换效率(2)Boost Thermal Efficiency(2)现役煤电机组 coal units already in service 不断提高经济运行和节能管理水平economic operation and energy-saving management 积极采用清洁高效适用技术，对一些老机组进行节能环保改造revamp old units with appropriate energy-saving techs 用等离子点火、微油点火等技术改造锅炉点火系统revamp firing system of boiler with plasma or micro-oil ignition 老机组汽轮机通流部分进行改造revamp steam path of old steam turbines 对电厂风机、泵类负荷电动机实施变频改造revamp motors with frequency converter 不断淘汰落后产能，替代以更高效的高参数机组replace lower-eff.high-emission small units with larger high-eff.CCT units市场设计的低碳化市场设计的低碳化(1)Low-C Design of Electricity Market(1)市场准入门槛Market Access 产业结构调整指导目录Guiding Catalogue for Structural Adjustment of Industry 对新建机组实施容量、煤耗限制capacity or efficiency threshold for new built units 设定淘汰机组的条件criteria for units elimination 电价体系Tariffs 鼓励低碳发电机组发展，并有效增加市场份额fostering the development of low-c p.g.units 高排放机组环境成本内部化mechanisms of internalized social impact of pollutants市场设计的低碳化市场设计的低碳化(2)Low-C Design of Electricity Market(2)发电调度Dispatch 近期:发电节能调度near-term:economic energy-saving p.g.dispatch 未来：低碳发电调度future:low-c p.g.disptach 节能减排交易energy-saving and emission trading 2008年，北京、上海、天津先后成立环境交易所environment exchanges founded in Beijing,Shanghai and Tianjin in 2008 近期:SO2、COD、节能量交易near-term:trading of SO2,COD and energy-saving credits 未来:CDM碳减排交易future:CDM CERother carbon emission tradings3.近年来中国低碳电近年来中国低碳电力力发展取得的成就发展取得的成就Recent achievements of Low-C Power in China水电水电 Hydro水电装机02040608010012014016018020020002001 200220032004 200520062007 2008百万千瓦（G W）2000年以来，水电装机增长了约1.2倍，位居世界第一Since 2000,1.2 fold increase of hydropower capacity,ranking 1st in the world核电核电 Nuclear 核电装机容量从2000年的300万千瓦左右增加到目前的910万千瓦，增加了约2倍since 2000,about two-fold increase of nuclear generating capacity,from 3 GW to 9.1 GW in 2008 在建核电装机容量超过1000万千瓦over 10 GW nuclear units under construction 国家能源局正计划调整核电中长期发展规划，计划到2020年核电装机比例从目前的1.2%左右提高到45%State Energy Administration(SEA)planning to increase nuclear capacity proportion from some 1.2%to 45%by 2020.风电风电 Wind Power 经过几年的倍增式增长后，我国风电装机容量达到1221万千瓦，现居世界第四位after multiplier increase in recent years,wind power capacity up to 12.21 GW in 2008,ranking 4 in the world 未来几年仍将保持快速增长势头，2010年有望达到3000万千瓦the fast growing trend will continue in the coming years,by 2010,to about 30 GW 国家能源局计划在内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、河北、江苏等地推动若干“风电三峡”建设，到2020年提高到1亿千瓦左右SEA expediting the development of wind power three-gorges in Inner-mongolia,Xinjiang,Gansu,Hebei,Jiangsu provinces,by 2020,wind power might mount to 100 GW.优化火电结构优化火电结构(1)Boost thermal efficiency(1)2007产业结构调整指导目录2007 Guiding Catalogue for Structural Adjustment of Industry 限制范围：除小电网外，单机容量在 30 万千瓦及以下的常规燃煤火电机组；发电煤耗高于 286 克标准煤/千瓦时的发电机组，空冷机组发电煤耗高于 305 克标准煤/千瓦时的常规发电机组 forbidden:outside small-scale grid,convential PC units with capacity less than 300 MW,or gross efficiency less than 42%;and air-cooled units with gross efficiency less than 40%.高效率的超（超）临界机组建设deployment of highly efficient ultra-supercritical coal-fired units 继2004年华能沁北国产60万千瓦超临界、2006年华能玉环百万千瓦超超临界机组投产后，国内建设了大批高参数机组 with the commissioning of Huaneng Qinbei 600 MW supercritical units in 2004,and Huaneng Yuhuan 1 GW USC unit in 2006,over 50 GW highly efficient SC or USC units ordered or planned优化火电结构优化火电结构(2)Boost thermal efficiency(2)累计关停小火电010203040506070200620072008200920102011百万千瓦（G W）关停小火电elimination of small coal-fired units(less than 100 MW)过去3年，累计淘汰3421万千瓦，计划今后3年再关停3100万千瓦 since 2006,34.21 GW small units eliminated,another 31 GW planned in next three years优化火电结构优化火电结构(3)Boost thermal efficiency(3)“以大代小”，发电量替代交易substitutive generation by highly efficient units 2007年，国家电网发电权交易电量536亿千瓦时，折合节约标准煤616万吨，减少二氧化硫排放14.3万吨in 2007,State Grid serving territory,53.6 billion kWh substitutive generation,saving 6.16 million tce,reduction of 0.143 million tons SOx emission 2008年，增加到了989.62亿千瓦时，折合节约标煤905.75万吨，减少SO2排放26.90万吨in 2008,this figure up to 98.96 billion kWh,saving 9.06 million tce,reduction of 0.269 million SOx emission火电供电煤耗火电供电煤耗Specific Coal Consumption for thermal power generation(plant to grid level)392385383380376370367356349333.59349351341338337345.75344.11337.330031032033034035036037038039040020002001200220032004 2005200620072008gce/kWh华能 H uaneng全国 C hi na2008年火电净效率2008 net thermal efficiency全国China：35.2%华能Huaneng：36.8%煤电机组 coal units对比 for comparison2005,USA:34%煤电机组 for coal units2007,UK:35.7%煤电机组 for coal units2005,Japan:40.9%火电机组 for thermal units我国单位发电量碳排放我国单位发电量碳排放Specific CO2emission per kWh of China我国单位发电量碳排放660680700720740760780800820840860200020012002200320042005200620072008gCO 2/kW h 2000年以来，下降了约13%，降至725 gCO2/kWhsince 2000,down by 13%to some 725 gCO2/kWh 随着节能减排力度的不断加大，会继续大幅降低with more stringent rules and ambitious measures in energy conservation,specific emission will continue fall rapidly.4.华能低碳电力华能低碳电力技术技术研发研发现状及展望现状及展望Status and perspective of technology R&D on combating climate change by China Huaneng Group华能低碳电力研发体系华能低碳电力研发体系Low-C Power R&D system in of Huaneng 华能科技事业部（技术中心）华能科技事业部（技术中心）Huaneng Science&Technology Division(Technology Center)3个实验室个实验室three laboratories 分别在北京、天津、上海等地成立3个实验室，从事燃烧前、燃烧后二氧化碳捕集和富氧燃烧技术的研发工作3 labs in Beijing,Tianjin,and Shanghai,RD&D of pre-combustion,post-combustion and oxy-fuel carbon capture techs 2个研究院个研究院two research institutes 华能技术经济研究院Huaneng Technical Economics Research Institute(HTERI)华能西安热工研究院Huaneng Xian Thermal Power Research Institute(HTPRI)华能北京热电厂烟气捕集二氧化碳示范项目华能北京热电厂烟气捕集二氧化碳示范项目Post-combustion Carbon Capture Demoin Huaneng Beijing CHP 2007年APEC会议上，列为“中澳洁净煤工作组”框架内开展的4个重要合作项目之一in 2007 APEC,this project enlisted in Sino-Australia Clean Coal Working Group.2007年12月开工，2008年7月投入示范运行，回收的二氧化碳主要用于食品行业commissioned in Dec.2007,demo operation started in July 2008 for techno-economic feasibilities,CO2 recovered at food class.燃烧后捕集，年捕集量约3000吨二氧化碳post-combustion capture,3000 ton CO2captured annually华能华能北京热电厂捕集的二氧化碳北京热电厂捕集的二氧化碳CO2captured from Huaneng Beijing CHP捕集技术现状捕集技术现状status quo of capture techs 燃烧后捕集 post-combustion capture tech.捕集每吨二氧化碳成本约200元，再处理费用每吨150元carbon capture costs around 200 yuan($29.31)per tonne using current technology;and actually handling it,processing it so it can be used industrially,will cost another 150 yuan($21.98)per tonne 效率杀手：增加厂用电率与供电煤耗efficiency killer,which means that meeting the same power demand,much much more energy will be consumed 距离商业化应用还有很长的路要走，需要研发更高效、成本更低的技术，需要市场和激励机制long way to go before deployment,R&D of more cost-effective capture techs needed,and market and incentives needed 下一步：上海示范项目捕集10万吨/年next step:Huaneng Shanghai project,100 k tons CO2 will be captured,sold for industrial utilization捕集技术现状捕集技术现状status quo of capture techs 富氧燃烧捕集技术 Oxy-fuel capture tech.目前处于实验室研究阶段still in lab research stage 国际上也只在进行小规模试验internationally,only in small pilot test stage 华能西安热工研究院在开展相关研究Huaneng TPRI is conducting related research燃烧前捕集的燃烧前捕集的近零排放发电技术近零排放发电技术绿色煤电绿色煤电pre-combustion near-zero emission power generation Huaneng GreenGen Project绿色煤电计划绿色煤电计划Huaneng GreenGen Programme2004年，华能集团公司倡导了绿色煤电计划;2004,CHNG initiated GreenGen Programme;2005年，绿色煤电公司成立;2005,GreenGen Co.established;2007年，美国博地能源公司正式参股绿色煤电公司2007,Peabody joined GreenGen;华能集团还是美国未来电力企业联盟的成员之一CHNG,also member of FutureGen Alliance.天津25万千瓦级IGCC250 MW class IGCC in Tianjin City40万千瓦级近零排放电厂400 MW class zero-emission PP绿色煤电计划三个发展阶段绿色煤电计划三个发展阶段3 Phases of GreenGen Programme第一阶段是，建设第一阶段是，建设IGCC示范电站。研发示范电站。研发2000吨吨/天两段式干煤粉加压天两段式干煤粉加压气化炉，验证大型高温煤气净化技术和大型电热化多联供的系统集成气化炉，验证大型高温煤气净化技术和大型电热化多联供的系统集成技术。技术。Phase I,IGCC plant with self-owned-IP gasifier.2000 tpd dry fed pressurized gasifier,250 MWe class,system integration and O&M,GreenGen laboratory.第二阶段是，完善第二阶段是，完善IGCC电站，研发绿色煤电关键技术。电站，研发绿色煤电关键技术。Phase II,IGCC plant consolidation,GreenGen key techs.R&D.Highly efficient H2and CO2separation,Carbon Storage,fuel cell,and h2turbine,etc.第三阶段是，实施绿色煤电示范项目。第三阶段是，实施绿色煤电示范项目。Phase III,GreenGen demo.About 400MWe,integration of hydrogen-rich gas from coal,fuel cell power generation,H2combined cycle,and CCS,to near-zero emission.绿色煤电最新进展绿色煤电最新进展recent update of GreenGen 5月，国家能源局正式核准第一阶段天津IGCC项目，批准开工建设May 2009,SEA formally permitted Tianjin IGCC project,construction soon begins.自主知识产权干煤粉气化技术出口美国，与未来燃料公司签署技术使用许可原则协议pulverized coal gasification technology with independent IPP export to USA,licensing aggrement signed with Future Fuels co.in its planned 150 MW IGCC plant.相关技术经济研究相关技术经济研究related technical economics research 绿色煤电路线图roadmap and development strategy of GreenGen 低碳电力路径选择routing of Low-C power in China 华能技术经济实验室Huaneng Technical Economics Laboratory其他挑战其他挑战other challenges如何高效地实现二氧化碳的低成本运输如何高效地实现二氧化碳的低成本运输big challenge:low-cost highly-efficient transport of CO2 二氧化碳的状态取决于后续的工业应用或封存要求，而实现并保持这个状态是耗能的、高成本的physical status of CO2 determined by subsequent industrial utilization or sequestration requirement,which is highly energy and money consuming资源化利用资源化利用 industrial utilization 食品、塑料、尿素及其他化工行业food,plastics,urea and other chemical industry封存封存 sequestration 强化石油开采、强化煤层气开采及其他封存，稍后会有专家详细介绍EOR,ECBM and other geological sequestration,detailed expertise will be presented latter by distinguished guests谢谢 谢！谢！Thanks!