中考英语语法必考知识点归纳.pdf

中考英语语法必考知识点归纳中考英语语法必考知识点归纳一、词类、句子成分和构词法：一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1 1、词类：英语词类分十种：、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词名词(n n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orangeorange.2、代词代词(pron.pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.who,she,you,it.3、形容词形容词(adj.adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orangegood,right,white,orange.4、数词数词(numnum.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词动词(v.v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.am,is,are,have,see.6、副词副词(adv.adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词冠词(art.art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.a,an,the.8、介词介词(prep.prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.in,on,from,above,behind.9、连词连词(conj.conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.and,but,before.10、感叹词感叹词(interj.interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.oh,well,hi,hello.2 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I ImmMiss Green.Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the roomJack cleans the roomevery day.every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping.My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spellHe can spellthe word.the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter.He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：HeHewrote a letter to me.wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：1Shanghai is a big city.Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard.He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keepThey usually keeptheir classroom clean.their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/He often helps me do my lessons./He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself/The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom?Where is your classmate Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3 3、构词法：、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playgroundspaceship,headache,basketball,playground 等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/orer/or 动词+inging 动词+(t)ion(t)ion 形容词+nessness 其他,如：inventor,inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledgelearner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y y 名词+fulful 动词+ing/eding/ed friendlyfriendly dangerousdangerous ChineseChinese;JapaneseJapanese EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench GermanGerman 国名+(i)an(i)an 如：snowy,sunny,hopeful,snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,dailybeautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious,nervous,delicious(3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly,angrily,fullslowly,angrily,fullfully,goodfully,goodwell,possiblewell,possiblepossiblypossibly 等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词,如：drydry(干燥的)drydry(弄干),cleanclean(干净的)cleanclean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talklook,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk 等等。(3)名词动词,如：handhand(手)(传递),faceface(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearlyearly,fastearly,fastfastfast 等等。(5)副词连词,如：whenwhen(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如：inin(到里)(在里面；在家),onon(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、名词：1 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1 1、专有名词、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Beijing,Tom,the Peoples Republic of ChinaTom,the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词thethe。如：the Great Wallthe Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greensthe Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.pupil,family,man,foot.2普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orange box,child,orange；不可数名词不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,population,water,news,oil,population,information.information.2 2、英语可数名词的单复数：、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加 s s。如：mapmap maps,boy maps,boy boys,horse boys,horse horses,table horses,table tables.tables.s,o,x,sh,chs,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词加 eses.如：classclassclasses,boxclasses,boxboxes,heroboxes,heroheroes,dishheroes,dishdishes,dishes,benchbenchbenches.benches.注注：少数以 o o 结尾的词,变复数时只加 s s。如：photophotophotos,pianophotos,pianopianos.pianos.以辅音字母加 y y 结尾的名词,变 y y 为 i i,再加 es。如：familyfamilyfamilies,cityfamilies,citycities,partycities,partyparties.parties.以 f f 或 fefe 结尾的名词,变 f f 或 fefe 为 v v,再加 eses。如：shelfshelfshelves,wolfshelves,wolfwolves,lifewolves,lifelives,knifelives,knifeknives.knives.2、不规则变化：manmanmen,womanmen,womanwomen,sheepwomen,sheepsheep,toothsheep,toothteeth,fishteeth,fishfish,childfish,childchildren,oxchildren,oxoxen,gooseoxen,goosegeesegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricea bag of ricetwo bags oftwo bags ofrice,a piece of paperrice,a piece of paperthree pieces of paper,a bottle of milkthree pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.five bottles of milk.3 3、名词所有格：、名词所有格：1、名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns DayChilderns Day(儿童节),my,mysisters booksisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以 s s 或 eses 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers DayTeachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加ss.如：todaystodays newspaper newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutesten minutes break break(十分钟的课间休息),ChinasChinas population population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词 ofof 短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Partya fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解注解：ss 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my auntsmy aunts(我阿姨家),the doctorsthe doctors(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and BsA and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and LilysLucy and Lilys bedroom bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+of+名词所有格名词所有格/名词性物主代词”名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格称为双重所有格,如：如：a friend of mya friend of my fathersfathers(我父亲的3一位朋友),a friend of mine,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glassThe water in the glassis very cold.is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family,class,team,group,row,police,schoolfamily,class,team,group,row,police,school 等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：ClassClass ThreeThree havehave a a mapmap ofofChinaChina.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,peopleChinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the yard./There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,newsmaths,news 等虽然有 s s 结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,glovesglasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves 等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot ofa lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot ofA lot ofstudents are playing baseball now.students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted A lot of time was wastedon that work.on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、andand 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples nowThe teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish andFish andchips is very famous foodchips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、there bethere be 句型中 bebe 的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairsThere is a table and four chairsin the roomin the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用 bothandbothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required toBoth you and I are required tobe here tomorrowbe here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有 withwith 的短语时,谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-oldA woman with a 7-year-oldchild was standing at the side of the roadchild was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheroreitheror或者 neithernorneithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：EitherEitheryou or he is right.you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/Neither you nor I/Neither you nor Iam going theream going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a shortTwo months is not a shorttimetime.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distanceTwo thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有 half of/half of/(three quarters)(three quarters)of/all(of)the.of/all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因4特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/A third of the students were playing near the/A third of the students were playing near thelake.lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/All of the water in these rivers has been/All of the water in these rivers has beenpollutedpolluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,populationpopulation 一词又有特殊情况：WhatWhats the population of China?s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs/Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5 5、部分名词用法辨析：、部分名词用法辨析：1、sportsport、gamegame、matchmatch、racerace 的区别：sportsport 通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；gamegame 意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；matchmatch 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；racerace 主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the worldPeople all around the worldenjoy sports.enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in/The 2008 Olympic Games will be held inBeijing.Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Our school football team won the league/Our school football team won the leaguematchmatch(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/They were strong and won the boatThey were strong and won the boatrace.race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festivalfestival、holidayholiday、vacationvacation 的区别：festivalfestival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holidayholiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacationvacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be heldThe Shanghai Television Festival will be heldnext month.next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sunday is a holiday and most people do not/Sunday is a holiday and most people do notwork.work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/What are you going to do during the summer/What are you going to do during the summervacation/holidays?vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journeyjourney、tourtour、triptrip、traveltravel 的区别：journeyjourney 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tourtour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；triptrip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；traveltravel 多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make theHe made up his mind to make thejourney tojourney to Dunhuang.Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking tour.has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)/He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar./He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/Did/Didyou go to Santiagoyou go to Santiago(圣地亚哥)during your travels?during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)/Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、soundsound、noisenoise、voicevoice 的区别：soundsound 指各种声音；noisenoise 主要指“噪音”；voicevoice 指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold/The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fishfish 的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fishfish,单复数相同；fishesfishes 指许多种类的鱼；fishfish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/I prefer fish to meat/I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1 1、代词的分类：、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2 2、人称代词：、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第第一一人人第第二二人人第第 三三 人人 称称 单单 数数第一第一第二第二第三人称复数第三人称复数5