高考英语语法考点归纳—介词和介词短语学案.pdf

高考英语语法考点归纳高考英语语法考点归纳介词和介词短语介词和介词短语二轮复习教师寄语：二轮复习教师寄语：高考英语语法贯穿在高考英语语法填空、改错题、高考英语作文中，在进行阅读理解和完形填空时也用得到。可以说单词是英语学习的基础、语法是英语学习的架构。高考英语语法不难，总结起来也就十几点，希望同学们在听课和做题中不断揣摩其中的规律，再反过来通过题目精炼。一、介词的分类一、介词的分类分类简单介词合成介词短语介词特点即一个介词during,in,on 等等。由两个介词构成合成词由短语构成thanks to 等等。from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between 等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成considering(就而论),including，regarding，concerning 等。分词介词兼类介词由现在分词转化而来由形容词直接转化而来like,unlike,near,next,opposite 等等。into,onto,throughout,upon,withinaccording to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,例词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,二、介词短语的功能二、介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能作定语例句They didnt find the solution to the problem.We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）作状语What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法）Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件）作表语作宾语补足语When I paid a visit to you yesterday,you were not at home.I found the old building in a bad condition.三、常考介词（短语）的区别三、常考介词（短语）的区别1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念时间介词（短语）inonat区别at 在一个时间点上；in 在一段的时间之内；on 在具体日子。来源:Zxxk.Com例子at 8 oclock,at noonin the 1990s,in Januaryon Monday,on a warm morning来源:Z,xx,k.Comsincefromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from 指从时间的某一点开始。in 指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。in the end 作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词 of；at the end of表示“在末梢”，“到尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；bythe end of 作“在结束时”，“到末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。一般说来，between 表示两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。We have not seen each other since1995.I hope to do morning exercises fromtoday.Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?In the end they reached a place ofsafety.At the end of the road stands a beautifulgarden.TheydecidedtohaveanEnglishevening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he hadfinished the novel.You are to sit between your father andme.Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.Agreements were made between thedifferent countries.The little valley lies between highmountains.Theydontknowthedifferencebetween wheat,rice and coin.Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.in,afterin the endat the end ofby the end ofbetweenamong注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用 between。inontooninin 表示在某范围内；on 指与什么毗邻；to 指在某环境范围之外。位置There is a book on the piece of paper.on 只表示在某物的表面上，There is an interesting article in the而用 in 表示占去某物一部分。newspaper.He dug a hole in the wall.in 通常表示位置（静态）；into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。inintoWe walked in the park.We walked into the park.throughacrossthrough 表示从内部通过，与in有关；across 则表示从一Water flows through the pipe.端至另一端在表面上的通过，The old man walked across the street.与 on 有关。in the corner 表示在角落里，in 指角的内面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on 指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角处”，at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。in the corneron the cornerat the cornerThe lamp stands in the corner of theroom.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了besidesexceptbutexcept forbesides 指“除了还有，再加上”；except 指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but与 except 意思近似，表示“除了外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything 等和其他疑问词后面。exceptfor 表示“如无就，只是”表明理由细节。All went out besides me.All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything butthe newspaper.His diary is good except for a fewspelling mistakes.表示的概念动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）构成例子at dinner/table 在吃饭at work 在工作at cards 在玩牌at work 在办公at rest 在休息school 在上学at church 在做礼拜beyond belief 难以置信beyond compare 无可比拟beyond expression 无法表达at war 交战at play 在玩耍 at press 正在排印at+名词beyond+名词beyond control 不听管教。beyond description 难以形容beyond suspicion 无可怀疑in+名词或 in+名词+of+名词in the army 在当兵in need of 需要in action 在运转in progress 在进行in operation 在运行中in use 开始使用in sight 看得见in store 贮藏着in course of construction 正在兴建当中。in(good)repair 维修良好的in course of shipment.定的货正在运输途中。in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由负责in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被拥有in addition 加之，又，另外；in advance 在前头，事先，预先；in case 如果，万一；in charge 主管，掌管，看管in common 共有，共同，公有；in conclusion 最后，在结束时in control 管理，掌握；in danger 在危险中，垂危；in demand 有需要的，吃香的；in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的；in effect 实际上，生效；in fact 事实上；in future 今后，以后；in haste 匆忙地，草率地；in order 按序，井然有序，情况良好，恰当；in progress 进行中；in public 公开地，当众；in return 作为回报；in shape 处于良好状态，在外形上；in trouble 在危险、受罚、的处境中；in turn 依次，替换地；in use 在使用着。on business 办事/出差on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假on watch 值班on duty 值勤/日。on guard 在值勤on strike 在罢工on sale 出售on loan 借贷on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开on the march 在行军on the air 在广播on fire 在燃烧。on trial 在试用on show/display/exhibition 在展出under control 在控制之中underdevelopment 在发展中under test 在被测试under discussion 在讨论under observation 在观察中under construction 在建设中on+名词under+名词under fire 在炮火中under consideration 在考虑中under arrest 被逮捕under medical treatment 在治疗中under examination 在检查/调查中under repair 在修理中under attack 受到袭击under study 在研究中其他against ones opinion 反对某人的见解for ones opinion 同意某人的见解above reproach 无可指责，无可非议above suspicion 不受怀疑above criticism 无可指责at the mercy of 在支配下；任由摆布for sale 供出售for rent 供出租within sight 看得见2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词absentafraidangryanxiousdifferentfamiliar搭配(be)absent from(be)absent in(be)afraid of(be)afraid for(be)angry with sb.(be)angry at/about sth.(be)anxious for sth(be)anxious about sth./sb.(be)different from(be)different to(be)familiar with(be)familiar to(be)good atgood(be)good for(be)good topopularstrict(be)popular with sb.(be)popular for(be)strict with sb.(be)strict in sth.意义缺席不在这里而在担心为而担心对某人生气因某事而生气急于想得到对某事/某人担心与不同不关心精通，熟悉为熟知（悉）擅长于对有益对友好/态度好受欢迎因而流行对某人要求严格对某事要求严格3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类型举例in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部）in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责）out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能）at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边）know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格benefit sb.使某人受益benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处serve the people 为人民服务（容易在 serve 后加 for）enter the room 进入房间（容易在 enter 后加 into）follow me 跟在我后面（容易在 follow 后加 behind）差一冠词，大相径庭有无介词，意义不同画蛇添足，误加介词marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在 marry 后加 with）go abroad 出国（容易在 go 后面加 to）live upstairs 住在楼上（容易在 live 后面加 in）be caught in the rain 被雨淋着（不用 by）leave for some place 动身去某地（不用 to）set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用 for）in the direction 朝着方向（不用 to）do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用 to）different from 和不同（不用 with）with the help of 在的帮助下（不用 under）steal sth.from sb.偷某人的东西（不用 of）read sth.to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用 for）母语思维，误用介词4.介词的搭配形式类型“形容词+介词”型搭配的常见结构：at 前的 adj.：angry,clever,good,bad,surprised,excited,puzzledof 前的 adj.：afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthywith 前的 adj.:angry,strict,busy,careful,popular,patientin 前的 adj.：strict,weak,interested,successful,richto 前的 adj.：polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,close,available,for 前的 adj.:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,be hungry/thirstyfrom 前的 adj.：far,different,free,safe,absentabout 前的 adj.：worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain,curious“名词+介词”型搭配的常见结构：the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/waytowish/desire/hope/prize/respectforpity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influenceon形容词和副词练习题：形容词和副词练习题：.在下列句子中填入适当的介词在下列句子中填入适当的介词1）.Fred entered without knocking and,very out of breath,sank _ a chair.(安徽)3）.You have no idea how she finished the relay race _ her foot wounded so much.(福建)4）.I began to feel _ home in the new school when I saw some familiar faces.(山东)5）.Everything was perfect for the picnic except _ the weather.(浙江)6）.This is a junior school.You should go to a senior school _ girls of your age.(北京)7）.Although _ my opinion,the old professor didnt come up with his own.(福建)8）.Scientists are convinced _ the positive effect of laughter _ physical and mental health.(江西)9）.Experts have been warning _ some time of the health risks caused by passive smoking.(江西)10）.The manager suggested an earlier date _ the meeting.(全国 I)11）.Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days.(全国12）.Some students often listen to music _ classes to refresh themselves.(四13）.The open-air celebration has been put off because _ the bad weather.(浙江)14）.Sorry,Madam.Youd better come tomorrow because its _the visiting hours.(福建)15）.Its quite_ me why such things have been allowed to happen.(安徽)16）.Its a top secret.Yes,I see.I will keep the secret _ you and me.(上海)17）.People have always been curious _ how living things on the earth exactly began.(辽宁)18）.After the earthquake,the injured were cared _ in the local hospitals or taken to the hospitals in theneighboring cities.(江西)19）.I would like a job which pays more,but _ the other hand I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment.(浙江)20）.More and more young people are fond _ playing tennis nowadays.(上海)21）.Leave your key with a neighbor _ case you lock yourself out one day.(北京)22）.Villagers here depend on the fishing industry,_ which there wont be much work.(上海)23）.For many cities in the world,there is no room to spread out further,_ which New York is an example.(四川)24）.By nine o clock,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,_whichappeared a rare rainbow soon.(福建)25）.The book was written in 1946,_ when the education system has witnessed great charges.(山东)26）.He was educated at the local high school,_ which he went on to Beijing University.(江苏)27）.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _which they can be controlled onpurpose.(重庆)II.II.语篇模拟：用适当的介词填空语篇模拟：用适当的介词填空Fathers Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day 1_children to honor their fathersbegan in Spokane,Washington.A woman2_the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought3 _ the idea forFathers Day while listening to a Mothers Day sermon 4_ 1909.Having been raised 5_ her father,Henry Jackson Smart,after her mother died,Sonora wanted her father toknow how special he was 6_her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was,7 _theeyes of his daughter,a courageous,selfless,and loving man.Sonoras father was born in June,so she chose to hold thefirst Fathers Day celebration 8_ Spokane,Washington 9_the 19th of June,1910.In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June 10_Fathers Day.Roses are theFathers Day flowers.【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,besides,between,of,beyond,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,after,toII.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,besides,between,of,beyond,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,after,toII.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,besides,between,of,beyond,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,after,toII.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,besides,between,of,beyond,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,II.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,II.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,II.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,II.forbyofinbytoininonas【答案】I.into,with,at,for,for,against,ofon,for,for,beyond,between,about,for,on,of,in,without,of,above,since,II.forbyofinbytoininonasafter,tobesides,between,after,tobesides,between,after,tobesides,between,after,tobesides,between,after,toof,beyond,of,beyond,of,beyond,of,beyond,