《英语教学法》名词解释.pdf
英语教学法名词解释英语教学法名词解释Structural viewStructural view(结构主义语言理论）The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic systemmade up of various subsystems:the sound system(phonology);thediscrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations(morphology),and the system of combining units of meaning for communication(syntax).Functional viewFunctional view（功能主义语言理论）The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system butalso a means for doing things.In order to perform functions,learnersneed to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabularyto expressnotions that perform the functions.Interactional viewInteractional view（交互语言理论）The interactional view considers language to be a communicativetool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relationsbetween people.Behaviourist theoryBehaviourist theory（行为主义理论）-SkinnerThe key point of the theory of conditioning is that you can train ananimal to do anything(with reason)if you follow a certain procedurewhich has three major stages,stimulus,response,and reinforcement.Cognitive theoryCognitive theory（认知理论）Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour,it is anintricaterule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is thelearning of this system.There are a finite number of grammatical rules inthe system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number ofsentences can be produced.A language learner acquires languagecompetence which enables him to produce language.Constructivist theoryConstructivist theory(建构主义理论)-John DeweyThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in whichthe learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences andwhat he/she alreadyknows.SocioSocio-constructivist theoryconstructivist theory(社会建构主义理论)Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the targetlanguage in a social context based on the concept of“Zone of ProximalDevelopment”(ZPD)and scaffolding.Linguistic competenceLinguistic competence（语言能力）-HedgeLinguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the languageitself,its form and meaning.Pragmatic competencePragmatic competence(语用能力)-HedgePragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of thelanguage in social context.Discourse competenceDiscourse competence(话语能力/语篇能力)-Canale and SwainDiscourse competence refers to ones ability to create coherentwritten text or conversation and the ability tounderstand them.Strategic competenceStrategic competence(策略能力)Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when thereis communication breakdown due tolack of resources.ErrorsErrorsAnerrorhasdirectrelationwiththelearnerslanguagecompetence.Errors result fromlack of knowledge in the target language.MistakesMistakesA mistake refers to a performance error that is either a randomguess or a slip of tongue,and it is a failure performance to a knownsystem.Mistakes result fromcarelessness and hesitation.BottomBottom-up modelup model（自下而上的模式）In the bottom-up model,listening comprehension is believed to startwith sound and meaning recognitions.In other words,“we useinformation in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning”.TopTop-down modeldown model（自上而下的模式）In the top-down model,listening for gist and making use of thecontextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning areemphasised.Inotherwords,listeningcomprehensioninvolves“knowledge that a listener brings to a text,sometimes called“inside thehead”information,as opposed to the information that is available withinthe text itself”.
