WesternCivilization全英文西 (54).pdf
6.2 Protestant ReformationHi,this is the second part of this chapter,Protestant Reformation.1.The Protestant Reformation was a movement to reform and purify the Catholic Church,it was also a schism in Western Christianity initiatedby Martin Luther and continued by Zwingli,John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers.It was called Protestant because their protest againstRoman Catholic Church.The Reformation started by the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end ofthe Thirty Years War in 1648.The result of the movement was the creation of many Christian denominations collectively known as Protestants.Denomination is a particular religious group which has slightly different beliefs from other groups within the same faith.Protestant denominationsinclude Lutheran,Calvinist,Anglican,Baptist,Methodist,Evangelical and many others.Protestants is the second largest form of Christianity todaywhich has more than 900 million followers,nearly 40%of all Christians.2.The sale of IndulgenceHundred years ago in Bohemia,the predecessor or the protestant reform Jan Hus had already condemned the abuse of indulgences.In theteaching of the Catholic Church,an indulgence is a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins in purgatory.Purgatory isthe place where Roman Catholics believe the spirits of dead people are sent to suffer for their sins before they go to heaven.In 1516,Pope Leo Xchose Prince Albert of Brandenburg to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild St.Peters Basilica in Rome.Albert hired the Dominicanfriar Johann Tetzel to sell.A friar is a member of one of several Catholic religious orders,orders is a group.This painting shows the Pope as theAntichrist,signing and selling indulgences.3.Martin Luther was a Christian priest and professor of theology at Wittenberg University.Wittenberg is a town in Saxony.Saxony andBrandenburg are neighboring states,all within the Holy Roman Empire.On 31 October 1517,Luther sent the Ninety-five Theses or Disputationon the Power of Indulgences to Prince Albert of Brandenburg.He may have also posted these theses on the door of All Saints Church inWittenberg.This day was considered the start of the Reformation and commemorated annually as Reformation Day.In these theses he attackedindulgence and their sale.Luther argued that indulgences led Christians to believe that the punishment for sins could be reduced by buying anindulgence,but this led them to avoid truly inner spiritual repentance and sorrow for sin.Repentance is feeling sorry for something wrong that youhave done.Luther argued indulgences also discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy.4.The spread of Luthers reformation ideasLuthers theses were quickly reprinted,translated,and distributed throughout Germany and Europe.He started a movement.We know printingwas a Chinese innovation;it spread into Europe during the 14th century.In the late 15th century printing appeared in Germany.Luthers Germantranslation of the Bible,his theses and other books soon spread out.The Lutheranism first spread into Denmark,Sweden and Norway where itremained dominant religion today.And Huldrych Zwingli brought reformed religion to Zurich.In 1520,the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull,order of Pope.Luther publicly burnt the bull and finally he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521.Luthers marriage.In 1523 Luther married Katharina von Bora,she was one of 12 nuns Luther had helped escape a convent.The protestantpriests could marry.In the Catholic Church there is a principle called celibacy,priest are not allowed to marry or have sex.But there are many sexscandals of the Catholic Church today and in the history.Alexander VI,the pope from 1492 to 1503 had many mistresses and at least 4illegitimate children.5.Martin Luthers Faith1,Lets look at Martin Luthers faith,the first one is Justification by faith alone.He believed true salvation came from faith in Gods kindness,sin could not be washed away by penance and it could not be forgiven byindulgence.2,Sola scripture,in Latin means by scripture alone.Gods words were in the Bible,reading and understanding the Bible was the only way to faithand salvation.3,Priesthood of all believers.The Catholic Pope and their ministers played the role of parent to the people in spiritual matters.But Luther believedall believers are equal in Gods eyes,they must stand alone before God.They should seek forgiveness directly from God rather than from a churchpriest speaking in Gods name.6.Geneva and Calvin 1509-1564This is John Calvin,John Calvin was a French theologian,pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.A pastor is a memberof the clergy in some churches,especially Protestant churches.He converted to Lutheranism at the age of 20.That time Protestants werepersecuted by French king.Calvin fled France and came to Geneva.The Calvinist church was a self-governing institute,independent of the state.Some historians believed Calvinism was theocracy,a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God.Calvin emphasized thedoctrine of predestination.He believed that people have no control over their fate because everything has already been decided by God.Thosewho were predestined to damnation were obliged to be governed.The 12 elders from the Geneva church had enormous political power;theyenforced strict Calvinist moral code to all aspects of life.Adultery were severely suppressed,prostitutes were expelled from the city.7.This is Michael Servetus,was a Spanish theologian and scientist who first discovered the circulation of the blood.He was also a protestantand Renaissance humanist persecuted by the Catholic Church.He criticize Calvins concept of predestination.When he came to Geneva,he was1burnt at the stake for heresy by order of the citys governing council which was controlled by Calvin.In the name of God the Protestants protestedagainst the Catholic Church but now in the name of God again Calvin murdered a freethinking humanist and scientist.This was horrible.8.English Reformation Lets look at the English kings during the Hundred Years War and after.So we can start at Edward III from the House of Plantagenet and after that his grandson,Richard II became a new king.Actually,Edward III gotthree sons.The first one is called the Edward,the Black Prince.The second one,John,Duke of Lancasterthe first generation of the house of Lancaster,and the family symbol was a red rose.another son Edmund,Duke of York,was the first generationof the house of York,and its symbol was a white rose.So after Richard II,the king from this family,Family of the Lancaster,Henry IV,V and VI.9.The War of Roses 1455-1485.Lets look at The War of Roses from1455 to 1485,and this is after the Hundred years war.There was awar of Roses,a series of civil wars between these two family,the House of Lancaster and the House of York.Henry VI belongs to the house of Lancaster.When he became king he was only eight month old.The Hundred Years War was still going on.Heruled for 39 years from 1422 to 1461.He was timid,shy and mentally unstable.During his reign England gradually lost nearly all of the territories inFrance.In 1461 He was defeated by Edward of York,who became the new King.In 1465 Henry VI was captured by Edward in 1465 heldcaptive in the Tower of London.Edward IV died in 1483.His two sons disappeared after being sent to the Tower of London.Some peoplesuspected Edwards younger brother Richard murdered them.Richard became king and ruled from 1483-1485 and was killed by Henry Tudor.So you can see,thats the Henry VI and after that Edward IV and Richard III and Henry Tudor.Henry Tudor was the first one from The Houseof Tudor.10.Henry Tudor,also called Henry VII 1485-1509,was the first king from The House of Tudor.To make his claim to the throne legitimate,Henry VII married Elizabeth of York.This house originally from Wales.It ruled England,Wales and Ireland from 1485 until 1603.It had 5monarchs:Henry VII.1485-1509,Henry.15091547,Edward VI 1547-1553,Mary I 1553-1558,Elizabeth I 1558-1603.Henry 1491 1547,this is the Henry VIII,was the second Tudor monarch,son of Henry VII.He was King of England from 1509 to1547.Look at his protruding codpiece.This is called codpiece It is so funny,right?That called codpiece,a piece of material worn by men in the15th and 16th centuries to cover their genitals.He was a large man likes hunting and wrestling bout(bout means contest),he once wrestled withking Francis I of France.11.Henry start reformationHenry continually faced financial problem due to his personal extravagance as well as his numerous costly and largely unsuccessful wars withFrancis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,as he sought to enforce his claim to the throne of France.During his reign,Walesintegrated into the English crown.He was also the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland.Henry is best known for his six marriages.Before the last marriage,his 5 wives,3 annulled,1 died,1 beheaded.Annulled means it is declaredinvalid.The Catholic Church does not permit divorce,but church can declared the marriage null,so that legally it is considered never to haveexisted.Henrys first wife Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon,and aunt of the Holy Roman EmperorCharles V.that time the papacy was controlled by Charles.Catherine had only one girl Mary survived and henry wanted a boy.And then his loverAnne,the possible next wife was pregnant.Henry believed it must be a boy.But his annulment was refused by the Pope.He couldnt wait.In 1533,Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury annulled the marriage.The Church of England broke away from the authority of thePope and the Roman Catholic Church.A Lutheran service was introduced.This is the start of the English Reformation.Henry became the supremehead of the Church of England and owner of its vast wealth.Henry and Anne married and had a girl,the future Queen Elisabeth.13.This is Sir Thomas More 1478 1535,a councilor to Henry.He was also a social philosopher and Renaissance humanist famous for hisbook Utopia,published in 1516,about the political system of an imaginary,ideal island nation.More opposed the Protestant Reformation and thekings separation from the Catholic Church.He was convicted of treason and beheaded.14.The second English reformation.When Henry died,his nine-year-old son,Edward VI became the new king.He ruled from 1547-1553.The reformation continued and theCatholics were repressed.The next monarch was Mary I,the daughter of Henrys first wife Catherine.She was the first queen to rule England.Like her mother she was a Catholic and she wanted to bring England back to Catholic.She reestablished papal sovereignty.Thomas Cranmer andother three bishops were burned alive for heresy,8000 Protestant fled the country.This is the reason she was called Bloody Mary byProtestants.When she died her half-sister Elizabeth I became new Queen,she was the last monarch of the house of Tudor ruled from 1558to1603.Under her reign the country returned to Protestants.This was the second English reformation.15.Lets look at the key words from this part:Protestant Reformation,Martin Luther,War of Roses,House of Tudor,Henry of England2This is the second part of Chapter six,Protestant Reformation.3
