国际商务英语授课国际商务 (4).pdf

International BusinessKey DefinitionsChapter Two:National Differences in Political EconomyChapter OutlineI.Political SystemsII.Economic SystemsIII.Legal SystemsIV.The Determinants of Economic Developmentkey Definition No.1我们使用政治经济体制这个名词是强调一个国家政治、经济和法律体制不是相互独立的，它们相互作用、相互影响，并影响经济水平的高下。We use the term political economy to stress that the political,economic,and legal systems of acountry are interdependent;they interact and influence each other,and in doing so they affect thelevel of economic well-being.key Definition No.2政治体制是指一国的政府体制。政治体制可以根据两个尺度来衡量。第一，它在多大程度上强调集体主义相对个人主义的关系。第二，它在多大程度上是民主的或是集权的。By political system we mean the system of government in a nation.Political systems can be assessedaccording to two dimensions.The first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposedto individualism.The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian.key Definition No.3在一种纯市场经济里，所有生产性活动都是私人拥有的，而不是为国家所拥有的。一个国家生产的商品和服务不是由任何人计划的；生产是由供求关系决定的，通过价格体系来传递信息。In a pure market economy all productive activities are privately owned,as opposed to being owned bythe state.The goods and services that a country produces are not planned by anyone.Production isdetermined by the interaction of supply and demand and signaled to producers through the pricesystem.key Definition No.4在一种纯指令经济中，一国生产的商品和服务的数量及销售价格都是由政府计划的。In a pure command economy,the government plans the goods and services that a country produces,the quantity in which they are produced,and the prices at which they are sold.key Definition No.5在混合经济中，部分领域属于私有制和自由市场机制，而在其他领域国有制和政府计划占较大比重。In a mixed economy,certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free marketmechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning.key Definition No.6一国的法律体系指的是法令或法律，它们规定行为要合乎实施法律的程序，并且通过法律纠正冤情。The legal system of a country refers to the rules,or laws,that regulate behavior along with theprocesses by which the laws are enforced and through which redress of grievances is obtained.key Definition No.7普通法以惯例、先例和习惯为基础。民法是建立在一套非常详细的法律基础之上的，这些法律被写进法典里。神权法律体系是以宗教教义为基础的法律体系。Common law is based on tradition,precedent,and custom.A civil law system is based on a verydetailed set of laws organized into codes.A religious law system is one in which the law is based onreligious teaching.key Definition No.8A contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and detailsthe rights and obligations of the parties involved.Contract law is the body of law that governs contractenforcement.合同是指一份文件，它规定了交易发生的条件，交易双方具体的权利和义务。合同法是管理合同执行的法律实体。key Definition No.9当公共官员如政治家和政府官员，从财产所有者那里勒索钱财或资源时，侵犯财产权的公共行为就发生了。Public action to violate property rights occurs when public officials,such as politicians andgovernment bureaucrats,extort income,resources,or the property itself from property holders.key Definition No.10No.17（1）专利是准许一个新产品或新设计程序的发明者在特定的期限内制造、使用或出售该发明的专有权。A Patent grants the inventor of a new product or process exclusive rights for a defined period to themanufacture,use,or sale of that invention.No.17(2)版权是作者、作曲家、戏作家、艺术家和出版商出版和以适当的方式传播的专有合法权利。Copyrights are the exclusive legal rights of authors,composers,playwrights,artists,and publishers topublish and disperse their work as they see fit.No.17(3)商标是设计和商品名，通常需要在官方注册登记，商人和制造商用以称呼和区别其他产品。Trademarks are designs and names,often officially registered,by which merchants or manufacturesdesignate and differentiate their products.key Definition No.11There is substantial agreement among economists that innovation and entrepreneurial activity are theengines of long-run economic growth.Innovation and entrepreneurship require a market economy andstrong property rights.经济家们一致认为创新和企业家活动是经济长期增长的动力。创新和企业家精神需要市场经济和强有力地财产权。