(2.1.1)--（修）西方修辞学简史英语修辞学课件.pdf

Brief History of Brief History of Western Rhetoric Western Rhetoric 西方修辞学发展简史 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 02 Rhetoric in Renaissance 03 01 Classical rhetoric 04 05 New Classic Rhetoric Contemporary Rhetoric B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary 5 B.C.5 A.D.14C 16C 19C 17C Classic Period Middle Ages Renaissance New Classic Contemporary 1.Two necessary conditions for the birth of Rhetoric.2.Some Greek rhetoricians and their theories.3.Some Roman rhetoricians and their theories.1.Greek Democracypublic speaking Two necessary conditions:1.Classical Rhetoric 2.Many great thinkersSocrates,Plato,Aristotle Two necessary conditions:1.Classical Rhetoric Page 7(1).Corax(科拉克斯)(Corax of Syracuse and Tisias were the first rhetoricians in history.)1.A theory of how arguments should be developed from probabilities.2.The concept of organization of a message.legal arguments:introductory,explanation,argumentation and conclusion.1.Classical Rhetoric 3 classes of Classical rhetoric:the Sophists the Platonic rhetoric Aristotles rhetoric 1.Classical Rhetoric The sophists boasted of their ability to make the worse appear the better reason,to prove that black is white.They believe“Man is the measure of all things.”Gorgias 1.Classical Rhetoric Some Greek Rhetoricians and their theory Plato 1.Rhetoric was the expression of truth and the art of rational discourse rather than the art of eloquent expression.2.Clarity,consistency and naturalness were the only features necessary for the effective presentation of ideas.3.Genuine eloquence derived its force from truth and spontaneity.Some Greek Rhetoricians and their theory 1.Classical Rhetoric Aristotle 1.The relationship between rhetoric and dialectic;2.Three basic elements in rhetoric:logos,pathos and ethos.3.Three categories of oratory:political(议政演说),forensic(法学演说)and ceremonial(宣德演说).Some Greek Rhetoricians and their theory 1.Classical Rhetoric Page 12 Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory Cicero and his theory 1.Rhetoric is a branch of political science.2.He expanded the parts of an argument from four to six:1)Introduction(Exordium)2)Narration(Narratio)3)Partition(Partitio)4)Confirmation(Confirmatio)5)Refutation(Refutatio)6)Conclusion(Conclusio)1.Classical Rhetoric 3.Cicero also suggested three levels of style:high move middle delight low t teach Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory 1.Classical Rhetoric Page 14 1.a good speaker must be a good man.2.Rhetor should be broadly educated.Quintilian and his theory 3.Their greatest contribution-“Five Arts”or“Five Cannons”:1)invention(inventio);2)arrangement(dispositio);3)style(elocutio);4)memory(memoria);5)delivery(pronuntiatio)Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory 1.Classical Rhetoric Page 15 Summary of the Classical Rhetoric (1)Classical rhetoric is the theoretical source of the Western rhetoric.(2)The most influential rhetoricians of classical times are Aristotle,Cicero and Quintilian.B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary 1.Social condition 2.Major achievements Page 17 2.Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 1).Social condition“Dark Ages”Page 18 2.Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 2)Major achievements(1)Rhetoric served the clergy.(2)The trivium(中世纪大学的三学科):grammar,logic,and rhetoric.Two arts:letter-writing and preaching.(3)Emphasizing style and delivery.B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary Three rhetorical groups:1.The Traditionalists 2.The Figurists 3.The Ramists Page 20 3.Rhetoric in the Renaissance(1)The Traditionalists:continue to study the five arts of rhetoric.Representatives:Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas Wilson.Thomas Wilson:Arte of Rhetorique-the first English rhetoric book.Page 21 3.Rhetoric in the Renaissance(2)The Figurists:subordinate logic to rhetoric,emphasize the importance of style.Page 22 3.Rhetoric in the Renaissance(3)The Ramists:Subordinating rhetoric to logic.Intensifying the separation between the five arts and the importance of their sequence.Dealing with style,memory,and delivery.B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary elegant ornate plain unadorned human discourse B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary Three perspectives:1.Scientific perspective 2.Elocutionary perspective 3.Literary perspective Page 25 4.New Classic Rhetoric Rhetoric is a dynamic process.Page 26 4.New Classic Rhetoric(1)The scientific perspective:Stressing the importance of invention and advocate a plain style.Representing an attempt at the emerging natural and social sciences.Representative:Francis Bacon Francis Bacon Page 27(2)The elocutionary perspective:Emphasizing delivery.Advancing the art of public speaking.4.New Classic Rhetoric Page 28(3)The literary perspective:Focusing more on literary text than public speaking or the new science.4.New Classic Rhetoric B.C.5th c.A.D.5th c.Classic Period 14th c.Middle Ages 16th c.19th c.Renaissance 17th c.New Classic Contemporary Page 30 5.Contemporary Rhetoric General situation:Representatives of contemporary rhetoric are I.A.Richards,Kenneth Burke,Chaim Perelman,etc.Page 31 5.Contemporary Rhetoric Kenneth Burkes theory of rhetoric Definition:rhetoric is the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols.classical rhetoric persuasion new rhetoric identification Page 32 Conclusion 1.The terms are associated with rhetoric change.2.The rhetorical tradition has experienced shifts in emphasis.THANK YOU ENGL I SH RHETORI C