中考英语语法专题一名词.docx
语法专题一名词-可数名词规则变化1| 一般情况在词尾加-s,例词:pen-pens,doctor-doctors,boy-boys2| 在以-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后面加-es,例词:bus-buses,dish-dishes,box-boxes3| 将-f或-fe变为v再加-es,例词:knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves3|以-f或-fe结尾的名词直接加s,例词:roof(屋顶)-roofs,gulf(海湾)-gulfs4| 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加-es,例词:family-families,story-stories5| 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,只加-s,例词:boy-boys,day-days,toy-toys6| 以辅音字母加o结尾的名加-es,(中考常见4个)tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes,hero-heroes,negro-negroes(黑人)顺口溜巧记:1. 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词变复数,常见词尾加-es的词有四个,即tomato, potato, hero, negro(黑人)四个词,我们可以这样记:黑人(negro)英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)和 马铃薯(potato)。2.以f(e)结尾的名词变复数,需要把-f(e)改为v,再加-es,常见的有9个,它们分别是wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, life, half, leaf可以这样记:妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌;躲在架子(shelf)后保护自己(self)的命(life),半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。3.由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同。如:myselfourselves, yourselfyourselves。不规则变化1.单复数形式相同:sheep,fish,deer等以及汉语中的计量单位如jin(斤),yuan(元)2.只有复数形式:glasses(眼镜),trousers,pants, shorts,clothes(衣服)3.一些集体名词总是用作复数:people,police,staff4.部分集体名词既可作单数(整体),也可作复数(成员):class,family,team,group5.复数形式表示特别含义:times(时代),papers(报纸),looks(外表),sands(沙滩),manners(礼貌)6.改变名词中的元音字母:man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice7.词尾发生变化:child-children;ox-oxen8.合成名词-主体名词变复数:girl students 合成名词-两部分都变复数:men teachers9.表示国籍,即“某国人”- 单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 表示国籍,即“某国人”- 直接加-s:Germans,Americans,Australians,Canadians,Indians 表示国籍,即“某国人”- -man,-woman结尾的,改为-men,-womenEnglishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen10.有些名词虽然以-s结尾却表示单数,如:news,grass,physics,politics等。语法专题一名词-不可数名词不可数名词的类别:物质名词,表示无法分为个体的物质或实物,如:water,time,air等。抽象名词,表示品质、状态、感情等抽象的概念,如:happiness,honesty(诚实)等。不可数名词的量:常见的不可数名词有:music,fun,news,information,advice,weather,homework,work,air,time,money,paper,traffic,practice,progress等。它们不能直接和表示数字的词或a/an连用,没有复数形式。但可以借助量词来表示数量,即“量词+名词”,little,a little,much,a large/small amount of,a great deal of+不可数名词some,any,plenty of,enough,a lot of/lots of+可数/不可数名词。如:a piece of paper,a glass of water,two bowls of rice。常用搭配:a piece of paper / news / bread / meat / advice / information / chalk。常见短语:a bottle of,a cup of coffee,a drop of water,two pieces of,a pair of.注意:有些名词既可做可数名词,也可作不可数名词。如:名词用作可数用作不可数名词用作可数用作不可数paper试卷,报纸纸light灯光glass玻璃杯玻璃room房间空间chicken小鸡鸡肉orange橘子橘子汁语法专题一名词-名词所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系。s所有格(主要表示有生命的人或物的名词)1.单数名词加 s:my dad's dog, Tom's car等。2.以s结尾的复数名词加 :the teachers' office, her parents' bedroom等。3.不以s结尾的复数名词加 s:Children's Day,people's life等。4.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加 's:Mary and Peter's desk 两人共用的桌子5.表示两人各自拥有,在各个名词后加 's:Mary's and Lucy's rooms两人各自的房间6.表示某家、店铺等处所,所有格后名词可以省略:my aunt's(house),in the shoe's(shop)注意:表示时间、距离、国家、城市的名词,也可以用s所有格。如:today's newspaper今天的报纸,the world's biggest problem世界最大的问题,an hour's walk/ride一小时的路程,eight days' holiday=an eight-day holiday八天的假期。等等of所有格主要用于无生命的名词,如:the gate of the school,a window of the room房间的窗子或者是名词或名词的定语较长,如:the death of Dr. Norman Bethune诺尔曼·白求恩大夫的死。等等双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式:名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格如:a teacher of mine/his/hers/yours/ours/theirs我的/他的/她的/你的/我们的/他们的一位老师some friends of my father's我父亲的几个朋友注意:有些名词是用介词to来表示所有格。如:the key to the door门的钥匙,the way to school学校的路,the answer to the question问题的答案练习(真题):( )1. Hurry up!Some _ and are on sale in the supermarket.A.tomato;egg B.tomatoes;egg C.tomatoes;eggs D.tomato;eggs( )2. -Look!They are _. -Yes.We are proud of them.A.man scientist B.women scientists C.woman scientists D.man scientists( )3. We should brush our _ every day.A.tooth B.teeth C.hand D.hands( )4. The problems are difficult to solve. Please give me _.A.many advice B.some advice C.an advice D.some advices( )5. -Can I help you,Madam? -Yes. _,please.A.Two pair of socks B.Two pairs of socks C.Two pairs of sock D.Two pair of sock( )6. What else do we need to make cold beef? -_.A.Two spoons salt B.Two spoons of salts C.Two spoons of salt D.Two spoons salts( )7. -Whose jacket are those? -They are _. They said they lost them yesterday.A.ours B.Li Lei and Li Tao's C.Li Lei's and Li Tao's D.their brothers( )8. After playing football for more than half an hour,the students took _ rest.A.a few minute's B.a little minute's C.a few minutes 'D.a little minutes'( )9. Upstairs are _ bedrooms.They are tidy and nice.But are in a mess.A.Lily's and Lucy's;our B.Lily's and Lucy's;ours C.Lily's and Lucy;ours D.Lily and Lucy's;our( )10.The three _ upstairs are too small to have enough _ for a double bed. A. room; room B. room; rooms C. rooms; room D. rooms; rooms