语法精讲——从句的辨析(共3页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上主从复合句的辨析一、弄清复句的概念。复句是指“主句+从句”。英语中共有：三种从句类型：状语从句，定语从句和名词性从句。从句的构成：从句的标志词+陈述句。从句存在的规则：两句并存有且必须有一主一从之分。标志词的使用规则：两句并存有且仅有一个从句的标志词。二、了解如下三大从句的功能解析。定语从句：（整个从句在主句中充当一个定语）构成：the+先行词（被修饰名词）+关系词+陈述句。如何判断是一个定从：只要主句中有一个名词或整个主句在后面的从句中充当一个逻辑意思成分，该从句即为定语从句。如何选择关系词：看从句缺少什么成分，指什么。关系词的功能：who（定从中做主语，指人）whom（定从中做宾语，指人）that（定从中做主/宾语，指人/物）whose（定从中做定语，指人/物）which（定从中做主/宾语，指物）as（整个主句在从句中做主/宾，从句中常含有know/see/expect 的标志，且此定从常可置于主句之前，译为“正如样”）when（定从中做时间状语）where（定从中做地点状语）why（定从中做原因状语）翻译原则：先译定从加“的”再译被修饰名词。名词性从句：（在一个句子中的名词性成分主语、表语、宾语、同位语处出现的句子）构成：连词+陈述句分类：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句。如何选择连词：只要判断一个从句中缺何成分，指什么。连词的各个功能如下：that（不做任何成分，没有任何实意，只陈述事实，宾从中可省）who（做主语，指人，译为“谁”）whom（做宾语，指人，译为“谁”）whose（做定语，指人，译为“谁的”）which（做定语，指物，译为“哪一个”、“哪一些”可和of连用表范围指人）what（做主、表宾，指物，译为“什么”或“是的”）when（做时间状语，译为“何时”）where（做地点状语，译为“哪里”）why（做原因状语，译为“为什么”）how（做方式状语，译为“怎么”“怎样”）if（是否，只用于及物动词的宾从中）whether （是否，可用于一切名从中常和or not 连用）翻译原则：是按词序不变。状语从句：（整个从句在主句中充当一个状语）构成：连词+陈述句连词的选择：根据从句在主句中充当了何种状语而定。时间状从连词：when / while / as /before/after/since/as soonas/hardly when /no soonerthan /till/until/the moment /every moment/everytime/every moment地点状从连词：where/wherever/no matter where原因状从连词：because /as/since/（既然）/for让步状从连词：though/although/as/even if/ even though/no matter +（when/where/what/how）/whatever/whenever/however/目的状从连词：inorderthat/so that结果状从连词：so that/such that/so/，sothat条件状从连词：if /unless/when /oncondition that（在条件下）/once /aslongas/solong as比较状从连词：than /as as/notsoas /the morethemore方式状从连词：asif/asthough/as/justas转折状从连词：but /however翻译原则：从句到主句。三、巧析从句性质所属的解题原则。是否是定从名从状从E.g. I was doing my homework whenmy mothercame back.解析：因为主句“I was doing my homework”中无任何名词在my mothercame back从句中充当逻辑成分，所以不是定从因为when 引导的从句不在主句中充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语，所以不是名从应该是状从，my mothercame back是do my homework的时状。E.g.Idon'tremembertheday whenmymothercame back.解析：因为主句中的名词theday在从句my mothercame back中可充当时状（onthe day，所以是定从）E.g.Idon'tknowwhen mymothercame back.解析：因为整句whenmymother came back充当了及物动词know的宾语，所以是名词性从句中的宾从。在解选择从句标志词的客观题时，我们的解题原则应为三步曲：首先分析出主从句所在其次分析出从句的性质再根据从句标志词的功能做出选择E.g. Wherethereiswater,there islife.解析：主句是thereislife从句是Wherethere iswater,从句Wherethereis water中无任何一个名词可在从句中充当一个成分，所以不是定从从句Where thereiswater不在主句thereis life中充当名词性成分，所以也不是名词性成分应该是地点状语从句。三大从句互相转换特例WeknowthatTaiwanispart ofChina.Itiswell-knownthatTaiwanis partofChina.Asweknow, Taiwanispartof China.2. 以when、why、where 引导的定从在去掉先行词后可变为名词性从句 。Illforeverremembertheday whenIjoined theparty.Illforeverremember whenIjoined theparty.ThisistheplacewhereLu Xunwasborn.ThisiswhereLu Xunwasborn.Thisisthereasonwhyhe waslate.Thisiswhyhewaslate.We believe whathesaid . We believe all thathesaid .We believe everything thathe said .3.Theyplanttreesinthe placewherethereisplentyof waterandsunlight. Theyplant treeswherethereis plentyofwaterandsunlight.4. It is known to all that the earth is not round. As is known to all, the earth is not round. What is known to all is that the earth is not round.英语语法中几组相似的从句辨析一 . 目的状语从句与结果状语从句A. 目的状语从句常由从属连词 so that， in order that 引导，且其谓语动词中常含 can / could， may/might， will/ would 等情态动词。这时主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。例如：1. You should keep the young plants in the shade so that they can't be burnt.为了不使小苗被晒坏，你应该把它们放在阴凉处。2. He got up early in order that he could catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶头班公交车。3. We should add some fertilizer to the field so that the plants could grow big and strong.为了让农作物长得又大又壮，我们应该给田地施肥。B. 结果状语从句常由 so that， so that， such that 引导。这时主句和从句之间有时用逗号隔开，从句谓语动词中一般不含情态动词。例如：1. He got up early so that he caught the first bus.他起得早，结果赶上了头班公交车。2. The plan for planting trees around the village was so good that all the villagers agreed to carry it out.在那个在村子四周植树的计划非常好，结果所有的村民都同意执行。3. The teacher is so good that all her students love her.那位老师是这样好，以至于所有的学生都喜欢她。二 . that 引导的同位语从句与 that 引导的定语从句A. that 在其引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它在从句中作宾语时，常可省略。例如：1. The finger that I sucked was not the one that I had dipped into the mixture.我吮吸的手指不是我蘸到混合液中的那个手指。2. We'll visit the factory that makes toys for children.我们将去参观儿童玩具制造厂。B. that 在其引导的同位语从句中不作任何成分，而且 that 前面通常有 idea， fact， news， hope， truth 等名词。在意义上， that 从句与这些名词之间可加“是”动词。此时的 that 不能省略。例如：1. The whole country was sad at the news that Lincoln was murdered.听到林肯遭暗杀的消息，全国上下都很悲痛。2. We expressed the hope that we should be given another chance to do the experiment.我们表达了一个愿望，希望再有一次机会去做那个实验。三 . 强调句型与含形式主语 it 及其指代的 that 从句的句型A. 强调句型的标志是“ it is / was that ”。如果去掉这个标志，句子结构仍然完整。例如：1. It was in 1916 that a terrible earthquake hit San Francisco.就在 1916 年旧金山发生了大地震。去掉“ it was that ”后，句子即成： A terrible earthquake hit San Francisco in 1916.2. Was it at a theater that Lincoln was murdered？ 林肯是在一个剧院里遭到暗杀的吗？去掉“ Was it that ”后，句子即成： Lincoln was murdered at a theater.B. 在含形式主语 it 及其指代的 that 从句的句型中，去掉 it ，再把 that 从句移置句首，仍为一个完整的结构。例如：1. It is suggested that we should hold the meeting another day. （ That we should hold the meeting another day is suggested. ）有人建议我们改天再开一次会。2. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. （ = That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. ）英国逐渐成为国际语言是一个事实。四 . such that 引导的结果状语从句与 such as 引导的定语从句A. such that 引导结果状语从句时， that 只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分。例如：1. It is such a heavy stone that none of us can lift it.这是一块很沉的石头，以至于没有人能搬动它。2. It is such an interesting book that all of us want to read it.这是一本非常有趣的书，以至于我们都想读一读。B. such as 引导定语从句时， as 在从句中作主语或宾语。例如：1. It is such a heavy stone as none of us can lift.这是一块沉重得没有人能搬得动的石头。2. It is such an interesting book as all of us want to read.这是一本非常有趣的、我们都想看的书。3. She is such a good girl as is loved by everyone.她是一个人见人爱的好姑娘。高中英语语法辨析：名词性从句正误辨析that 与what 的混用：1.That they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.(错误)What they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.(正确)注：that在引导名词性从句时本身没有意义，也不在从句中充当任何成分;而what则表示“什么”“的东西或事情”，在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语等。上句中的what 应充当discuss的宾语。if 与whether的混用：2.If we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet.(错误)Whether we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided yet.(正确)注：if 与whether 引导宾语从句时往往可换，但在下面情况时常使用whether：作介词的宾语时，见例;在从句中提出两种选择时，见例;从句提前时，见例;引导主语从句，表语从句及同位语从句时，见例。I worry about whether I hurt his feelings.She wasnt sure whether she should laugh or cry.Whether he will come or not I dont quite know.What many people are worried about is whether we will be able to build a better future.We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.that 与because 的混用:3.(1)The reason why he was late for school was because he got up late.(错误)The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late.(正确)Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.(错误)Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.(正确)注:reason作主语时引导的表语从句或why引导的名词性从句时常用that不用because.忽略连词that:4.These old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.(错误)That these old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.(正确)注：that在引导宾语从句时常常可省，但在下面情况时不可省去：宾语从句不止一个时，见例;宾语从句与主句之间有插入语时，见例;宾语从句为一个主从复合句时，见例;引导主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句时，见例。They complain (that) they have to work from morning till night, that it is hard to earn money, that they are bullied (欺负) by the policemen, or that the corporation leaders are seated lazily and enjoy the fruits of otherswork.The teacher said, pleasantly and firmly , that we must overcome the difficulties.We believe that if we work harder, I will pass the National College Entrance Examination.The trouble is that she has lost his address.(表语从句)Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct.15,2003.(同位语从句)no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere与whoeverwhateverwhicheverhoweverwherever5.No matter who breaks the rules will be punished.(错误)Whoever breaks the rules will be punished.(正确)注：whoever,whatever,whichever,however,wherever等连词可以引导名词性从句也可引导让步状语从句，而no matter whowhatwhichhowwhere只能引导让步状语从句。例如，No matter how great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on.Or: However great the difficulty is, we ought to keep on .相似句型的混淆:6.As is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture.(错误)As is known to all, science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture.(正确)It is known to all that science plays an important part in the development of industry and agriculture.(正确)注：as作为关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前时，从句与主句之间要用逗号隔开。It作为形式主语将that 引导的主语从句后置时，that常常不能省。专心-专注-专业