《学术英语综合U》PPT课件.pptx

学术英语学术英语 综合综合Academic English An Integrated CourseUnit 1EconomicsUnit ContentsUnit objectivesText AText BText CAcademic language and discourseListeningSpeakingWritingUnit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives1.Professional KnowledgeGet acquainted with some important economic concepts(e.g.the invisible hand,signaling theory,antitrust law,comparative advantage,etc.)2.ReadingSummarize the main ideas of a text and identify essential supporting pointsUnderstand difficult sentences(e.g.,sentences with abstract meaning or ambiguous reference)Analyze complex or controversial issues critically(e.g.monopoly,free market vs.government regulation,etc.)Unit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives3.ListeningMake predictions about the content of a lecture4.SpeakingAsk for information and clarification in a polite and effective wayLearn to do interviews and report the findings in an oral presentation5.WritingUnderstand what kind of topic is suitable and manageable for a term paperUnit 1EconomicsUnit Objectives6.ResearchingIndependently locate and study a variety of resources(articles,books,videos,etc.)to know more about the Microsoft case7.Academic language and discourseKnow what is specialized vocabulary and acquire some specialized vocabulary of economicsUnderstand the functions of parenthetical statementsComprehend stylistic differences between formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressionsUnit 1EconomicsText A Lead-inHow do you celebrate Spring Festival?Write down your activities in the table in the textbook and analyze whose skill and labor are required to make these activities possible.Share your answers with your partner and discuss the following questions:1.Whats the power that leads people to work and cooperate?2.What do you understand about economic life from the table?Unit 1EconomicsText A Overview1.Summarize the main ideas of Text A.2.Do Task 1/Critical reading and thinking.Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of“the invisible hand”Echo the beginning,emphasizing we should be grateful to the miracle on this Thanksgiving Day and every dayUnit 1EconomicsText A In-depth analysis1.Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following:ThanksgivingAdam Smiththe invisible handUnit 1EconomicsText A Supplementary information1.ThanksgivingIt is an annual national holiday in the U.S.and Canada.Americans celebrate Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November,honoring the early Plymouth settlers and their harvest feast.They commonly trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation,where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast after a successful season.Although prayers and thanks were probably offered at the 1621 harvest gathering,the first recorded religious Thanksgiving in Plymouth happened two years later in 1623.On this occasion,the colonists gave thanks to God for rain after a nearly catastrophic drought.Unit 1EconomicsText A Supplementary information2.The invisible handThe invisible hand is a metaphor used by Adam Smith to describe the natural force that guides free market capitalism through competition for scarce resources.The general idea is that individuals pursuing self-interest end up doing what is best for society as if guided by an invisible hand.For example,when the price of something increases due to higher demand or lower supply,more people will start producing it.This is done out of self-interest,but it also benefits society.As a whole it will make the goods available to more people as well as lowering the price again.Unit 1EconomicsText A In-depth analysis2.Focus on some of the difficult sentences in Text A by doing Task 2/Critical reading and thinking.3.Have a group discussion about the questions in Task 3/Critical reading and thinkingUnit 1EconomicsText B Text Analysis1.What is case study?A case study is a descriptive or explanatory analysis of a person,group or unit.An explanatory case study(e.g.Case 1/Text B)is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.Unit 1EconomicsText B Text Analysis2.How do you understand the title“Gifts as signals”?Signaling theory is useful for describing behavior when two parties have access to different information.Typically,the signal sender chooses whether and how to communicate certain information,while the receiver chooses how to interpret the signal.Signaling theory tackles a fundamental problem of communication and applies in various areas.Unit 1EconomicsBack in 1974,Nobel laureate Michael Spence introduced the notion of signaling in economic thinking.Spence developed the theory of signaling to show how better-informed individuals in the market communicate their information to the less-well-informed to avoid the problems associated with adverse selection.Text B Text AnalysisUnit 1Economics3.Work in groups of 4-5 to discuss the questions in Task 1/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B.4.Read Case 2 quickly and try to summarize the main idea of Case 2 on the basis of Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B.Text B Text AnalysisUnit 1EconomicsText B Text AnalysisInternet browserWindows operating systemdeterentering the market and offering new productscars today include many built-in productsmonopolyreliableeasier to use80severely limitedchangingcompetitorslowUnit 1EconomicsText B ResearchingForm into teams to do the task in Researching/Text B.Within each team,there are:facilitator:Think about the whole group and manage the taskMake sure everyone feels included and has a job to do before and during the discussion.Preside over the classroom discussion.recorder:Make notes of the group discussion.Work with the reporter,who will have to read from the notes.reporter:Summarize and present the results to the class.Speak on behalf of the group.Unit 1EconomicsText B Supplementary informationMicrosoft caseUnited States v.Microsoft Corporation is an antitrust law case.It was initiated in 1998 by the United States Department of Justice(DOJ)and 20 states.In this case,Microsoft was accused of abusing monopoly power,and the central issue was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle Internet Explorer with its operating system.Microsoft claimed that Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer were inherently linked together and the merging of the two was the result of innovation.The case was ultimately settled by DOJ.Unit 1EconomicsText B Supplementary informationMicrosoft caseThe proposed settlement required Microsoft to share its application programming interfaces with third-party companies and appoint a panel of three people who will have full access to Microsofts systems,records,and source code for five years in order to ensure compliance.20 However,the DOJ did not require Microsoft to change any of its code nor prevent Microsoft from tying other software with Windows in the future.Unit 1Economics1.Contribute what you know about the following terms and then give examples as many as possible.Comparative advantageFree tradeText C Text AnalysisUnit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary informationDavid RicardoDavid Ricardo(1772-1823)is an English economist who gave systematized,classical form to the rising science of economics in the 19th century.At age 27,after reading Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations,Ricardo got very interested in economics.He wrote his first economics article at 37 and then spent the rest of his life as a professional economist.In one of his most famous books On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,Ricardo clearly illustrates the theory of comparative advantage.Unit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary informationAn inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(国富论国富论)An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations，usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations,is Adam Smiths masterpiece.It was first published in 1776,and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics.Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the book touches upon broad topics as the division of labour,productivity and free market.Unit 1EconomicsText C Supplementary informationComparative advantageComparative advantage is an economic theory first developed by English economist David Ricardo.A person has a comparative advantage at producing something if he can produce it at lower cost than anyone else.And having a comparative advantage is not the same as being the best at something.It can explain why a country might produce and export things that it doesnt seem good at producing when compared directly to another country.Unit 1Economics2.Do the translation task in Text C.每每一一个个精精明明的的一一家家之之主主都都知知道道，如如果果买买一一样样东东西西所所花花的的钱钱比比在在家家里里自自己己生生产产所所花花的的成成本本要要小小，那那就就永永远远不不要要尝尝试试在在家家里里生生产产。裁裁缝缝不不会会去去做做自自己己的的鞋鞋子子，而而向向鞋鞋匠匠购购买买；鞋鞋匠匠不不会会去去做做自自己己的的衣衣服服，而而雇雇裁裁缝缝来来做做；农农民民不不会会去去做做鞋鞋也也不不想想缝缝衣衣，宁宁愿愿雇雇用用不不同同的的工工匠匠来来做做。他他们们都都会会为为了了自自身身的的利利益益而而采采取取某某种种方方式式来来利利用用整整个个产产业业，在在这这种种方方式式里里，他他们们会会比比邻邻居居更更有有优优势势，并并用用自自己己生生产产的的一一部部分分产产品品或或者者相相同同的的东东西西，即即以以一一部部分分产产品品的的价价格格来来购购买买他们所需要的其它任何物品。他们所需要的其它任何物品。Text C Text AnalysisUnit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourse1.What is specialized vocabulary.?2.Do Task 1 Specialized vocabulary/Language building-up/Text A.Specialized VocabularyUnit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourse3.Additional classroom activity:Translate the following economic terms,which appear in Texts B and C,from Chinese into English.信号传递理论 市场支配力 商品反垄断法垄断相对优势股票经纪人税收（制度）Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationEffects of parenthetical statementsA traditional parenthetical statement is a thought enclosed in parentheses.Brackets and dashes may also be used.According to Handbook of Effective Writing(by Walter K.Smart),the information in a parenthetical statement is not crucial to the sentence,but is related to the main statement.The following are possible functions of a parenthetical statement:Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationIt allows a writer to insert extra information without creating a new sentence.The extra information may be too short to require a full sentence.Or if a full sentence is created for the extra information,it may cause a departure from the theme.A parenthetical statement marked by dash can in fact stand out.In other words,the obvious separation serves to emphasize the interrupter.A parenthetical statement interrupts the normal flow of a sentence,thus creating a variety in sentence rhythm.A parenthetical statement slows down the development of a sentence.This might help to create a sense of suspension.When using parenthetical statements,please pay attention to the following points:Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSupplementary informationIf your sentence ends with parenthetical material,place the period outside of the parenthesis.For example,They can be taken from myth,from history,or from contemporary occurrence,or they can be pure invention(but even if they are invented,they are nonetheless constructed from the constant materials of real experience,no matter how fantastic the invention).If you have a parenthetical statement independent of a sentence,capitalize the first word and place the period within the parentheses.For example,Her gown was covered with jewels.(Those jewels must have cost a fortune.)Keep in mind that the rest of the sentence should still flow naturally.Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSignpost language3.Additional Classroom Activity:Find parenthetical statements in Text B.But your reaction is very different when someone who(you hope)loves you does the same thing.(Para.3)It is costly(it takes time),and its cost depends on the private information(how much he loves her).(Para.4)Certainly,the case did not lack drama.It pitted one of the worlds richest men(Bill Gates)against one of the worlds most powerful regulatory agencies(the U.S.Justice Department).Testifying for the government was a prominent economist(MIT professor Franklin Fisher).Testifying for Microsoft was an equally prominent economist(MIT professor Richard Schmalensee).At stake was the future of one of the worlds most valuable companies(Microsoft)in one of the economys fastest growing industries(computer software).(Para.6)Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseSignpost languageThe government claimed that Microsoft was bundling these two products together to expand the market power it had in the market for computer operating systems into an unrelated market(for Internet browsers).(Para.7)It also argued that the low price it charged for Windows about$50,or only 3%of the price of a typical computer was evidence that its market power was severely limited.(Para.9)Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseFormal English1.What are the differences between formal and informal English?Unit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseFormal EnglishUnit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseFormal EnglishUnit 1EconomicsAcademic language and discourseFormal English2.Do Task 3/Language building-up/Text A.Unit 1EconomicsListening1.Why is it important to predict before listening?2.Listen to the clip and do Task 2.Unit 1EconomicsSpeaking1.More sentence patterns of asking for information and clarificationIm sorry!Was that?Pardon me,Rick.Did you say?Sorry!I didnt catch that.May I interrupt a moment?Was that?Sorry!Could you repeat that,please?Would you mind repeating that,please?Im sorry,but would you speak slowly,please?My English is not very good.2.Do role-play following the instructions in Task/Speaking.Unit 1EconomicsWriting1.How to find a research topic?You can find ideas for research topics by using the following strategies and resources:Scan your textbook for possible topics.Think of what you have read or seen recently that intrigues you.Think about the other courses you take.Are there issues or materials from other classes that interest you?Unit 1EconomicsWritingOnce a broad research topic is determined,you may use the following tips to narrow it down:Make a list of things you already know about the topic and a list of questions about the topic.From the list of questions,choose the one you are most passionate about.Get more background information on your topic,which can help you find your focus.Narrow down your topic by limiting it to a specific perspective,time period or geographic area.Unit 1EconomicsWriting2.Do Task 1/Writing,and discuss with your classmates why some of the topics are not feasible.3.Do Task 2/Writing.