《建筑系专业英语》PPT课件.ppt

What do we expect out of windows?I need a room overlooking sea.?Also we repeat,obviously this figure will vary enormously from one part of the world to another.Also we repeat,obviously this figure will vary enormously from one part of a building to another.It is fairly reasonable to believe that the floor/window ratio,though different in different regions,may be more or less constant within any given region.It is fairly reasonable to believe that the floor/window ratio,though different in different culture,may be more or less constant within any given region.It is fairly reasonable to believe that the floor/window ratio,though different in different programs,may be more or less constant within any given region.It is fairly reasonable to believe that the floor/window ratio,though different in different times,may be more or less constant within any given region.192 WINDOWS OVERLOOKING LIFE floor/window ratio It is fairly reasonable to believe that the floor/window ratio,though different in different regions,may be more or less constant within any given region.Also we repeat,obviously this figure will vary enormously from one part of the world to another.Imagine:Antarctica,Northern Norway,Italy,Brazilian jungle.Also we repeat,obviously this figure will vary enormously from one part of the world to another.Imagine:Beijing,Shanghai,Huizhou,guangzhou.What is the best approach to OVERLOOKING LIFE?Dormer windowsRoof windowsTiny balconyFrench windowsDouble-hung windowsSliding windowsSide hung casementOpen stair225 FRAMES AS THICKENED EDGES 门窗边缘加厚门窗边缘加厚Any homogeneous membrane which has holes in it will tend to rupture at the holes,unless the edges of the holes are reinforced by thickening.The most familiar example of this principle at work is in the human face itself.Both eyes and mouth are surrounded by extra bone and flesh.It is this thickening,around the eyes and mouth,which gives them their character and helps to make them such important parts of human physiognomy.It is this thickening,around the eyes and mouth,which gives them their character.A building also has its eyes and mouth:the windows and the doors.And following the principle which we observe in nature,almost every building has its windows and doors elaborated,made more special,by just the kind of thickening we see in eyes and mouths.The fact that openings in naturally occurring membranes are invariably thickened can be easily explained by considering how the lines of force in the membrane must flow around the hole.The increasing density of lines of force around the perimeter of the hole requires that additional material be generated there to prevent tearing.The same is true for doors and windows in a building.Where the walls are made of wood planks and lightweight concrete fill-see WALL MEMBRANES(218)-the thickened frames can be made from the same wood planks,placed to form a bulge,and then filled to be continuous with the wall.If other types of skin are used in the wall membranes,there will be other kinds of thickening:edges formed with chicken wire,burlap,and resin,filled with concrete;edges formed with chicken wire filled with rubble,and then mortar,plaster;edges formed with brick,filled,then plastered.More general examples of frames as thickened edges exist all over the world.They include the thickening of the mud around the windows of a mud hut,the use of stone edges to the opening in a brick wall because the stone is stronger,the extra stone around the windows in a gothic church.Therefore:Do not consider door and window frames as separate rigid structures which are inserted into holes in walls.Think of them instead as thickenings of the very fabric of the wall itself,made to protect the wall against the concentrations of stress which develop around openings.In line with this conception,build the frames as thickenings of the wall material,continuous with the wall itself,made of the same materials,and poured,or built up,in a manner which is continuous with the structure of the wall.