初三英语中考阅读理解专项(共13页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初三 中考阅读理解专题专题1： 阅读理解词汇+知识面+技巧=阅读效率1、 中考阅读的要求：能阅读难度相当于课文的材料，理解其大意。能独立阅读所学语言知识范围内的材料，生词率不超过3%。阅读速度要求每分钟50-70词。2、 阅读的题型：1 理解主旨和要义 2 理解细节3 根据上下文推断生词的词义4 作出判断和推理说明：A卷中3个阅读1个是判断2个是选择，并且较为简单。B卷中全是根据阅读后的理解选择，难度提高。3、 解题方法：1、 主旨大意题：1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案) 是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)What is the main idea of this text?3)Which is the subject discussed in the text?4)Whats the best title for this passage?例如： In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable (不能满足的）society.*Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one of the largest car producers. B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.如何找到主旨性的句子：常见的标志词语有：the topic is about- we are going to talk about-so we can see understandknowsay-all in all- now we can 1. 在开头:主题句在文章开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。 新闻报道、说明文、议论文常用此方式。Good morning. The program today is about music. The word “music” comes from the Greek word “muse”. The Muses are the goddesses of the arts. Music is only one of the arts. It is like the spoken language,but is uses sounds. Today's program brings together music from different corners of the world. Who invented music？Who sang the first song？ No one knows exactly the answers to these questions. But we know that music plays an important part in almost everyone's life. 2. 在结尾。Eg: 文章最后一句“In fact,the true love is not built on friendship,loyalty or blood relationship.Instead,itis based on no relationship.真正的爱不以友谊、忠诚抑或是血缘关系为前提，事实上，真正的爱，是无条件的博爱。” 就是在前面故事的基础上的总结与概括，即文章的主旨。3. 在中间。通常是文章的开头提出问题，陈述细节，导出主题句，然后再进一步用细节说明支持主题句。如：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.2细节理解题 本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查这些细节。3 词义猜测题1.通过因果关系猜词 首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通过构词法猜词.在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。5.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类生活习性。练习题A 根据定义或解释猜测词义A calendar is a list of the days ,weeks, months of a particular year. Calendar_The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. Herdsman_.B 根据对比确定词义: Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve Intricate_.C. 根据同义词的替代关系猜词义: In the ancient city of Rome , we visited every mansion , church, battle site, theatre and other public halls. mansion _.D. 根据反义猜词: Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. Sedate_.E 根据上下文情景确定词义: All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key. Futile_.F. 根据常识、经验猜生词: The old man put on his spectacles and began to readspectacles _.H. 根据构词法猜测词义: He has renamed the restaurant “Paradise”. Rename_.I 根据因果关系猜测词义: You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault. Blame_.4. 推理判断题 :正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。这类题比较直接，难度相对较小。做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。常见的提问方式有：It can be inferred from the text that _.From the text we know that _.With which of the following does the author agree？Which of the following might happened later ?The passage is probably taken from a _ . 例如： The speaker is probably_ . A. a host B.a singer C.a dancer D.a teacher.附注： 其它：提高阅读速度的方法、以及大家在平时阅读中的问题（详见ppt）方法总结：第一步：首先要看文章的第一句话，或者是第一段的几句话，目的是为了了解文章所讲的主体是什么，特别是要理解文章的体裁，应为根据不同的体裁我们在做题的时候要用不同的方法。第二步：读题目：特别是针对判断和选项性的题目的时候，读阅读后设置的问题。小窍门：首先前提是要自己对我们常见的问题的5W和H问题要理解到位。第三步;带着问题去读。遇到和问题相关的字句的时候，记得用自己的笔做好记号。不需要你马上选出答案（原因很简单：很多学生在读文的过程中最后读完了却不知道自己读的什么，但是也要提出一个很不好的阅读习惯：拿着自己的铅笔不断在文章中划线，最后整片的文章全部画完，还是没有终点和自己笔记）第四步：第二遍读的是时候，重点关注作了记号的地方，并要读前后几句，根据逻辑关系找到正确的答案。下面是在阅读时候另外的一些小窍门：故事性的文章：常常考到的是细节，要等到故事读完后才能做到，要格外小心，有些选项不要急于选出，要等到故事读完后才能做到。说明性的文章：注意语言要精确，通常最好和文章中的意思一样，最怕的是出题的人故意将文种的意思曲解，比如故意绝对化，故意以点带面，这样的选项一般都是错误的，不选。例题分析1：Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. "Through the hole（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot," said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）.Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out?Scientists have tried to set（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被烧完）。1.  Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of sevenB. seven years old C. in the year of 189D. more than（超过）80 years ago 2.  Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because _. A. it was in the holeB. it was very hot C. it was orange D. it was harmful 3. How many coal fires are there in the world? A. There's only one.B. It's hard to say.C. There are 260.D. The article（文章）doesn't tell us.4. Whats one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）the underground fire?A.  To cover（覆盖）the holes with stones（石块）.B.  To speed up the fires.C.  To see the fires burning.D. To do some experiments（试验）.5. What is the best title（标题）for the article?A.  Watching the Underground - Fire.B.   A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires.C.  The Burning Earth.D.  Coal and Coal Fires.答案分析1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。at the age of seven 等于when he was seven，故正确答案为 A 。2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 B。3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为 C。4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为 B。5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从Mr Brown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为 B。例题分析2： Fred telephoned his wife. “Ive got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. Well have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.”Freds wife was very pleased. They hadnt been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “Its very strange,” he said. “They arent here!” “Try your pockets,” said his wife. But the tickets werent there, either.Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尴尬). “Whats the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasnt going home, I left it in the office!”( ) 1. One day, Fred was given the tickets for the theatre.( ) 2. Fred and his wife went to the theatre quite often.( ) 3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a restaurant.( ) 4. They reached the theatre neither late nor early.( ) 5. Then Fred couldnt find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets.1、 T 因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife “Ive got two free tickets” “free” 免费的意思。2、F 第二段中提到“They hadnt been to the theaterfor a long time.”3、F 第一段中Fred说“Meet me outside the office.”4、T 第二段中“in time”是及时的意思。 5. T 结尾处提到的。成都七中2015年模拟考题I love my Blackberry mobile phone its my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me. I also love my computer, as it holds all of my writing and thoughts. However, I know there are times when I need to move away from these things and truly communicate with others.I teach a course called History Matters in college. My goals for the class include a deep discussion of historical subjects and ideas. Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.Most students think my reasons for this rule include negative experiences in the past when students made wrong use of technology. Theres a bit of truth to that. Ive seldom had students make wrong use of technology in my classes; however, I have been e-mailed by students while they were in other teachers classrooms.Some students think that I am anti-technology. Theres no truth in that at all. As I noted above, I love technology and try to keep up with it.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. Interruptions (中断) by technology often break students thoughts and make them depend too much on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep in themselves for ideas. I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations (评价) show student satisfaction with the environment that I create. Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a deeper level a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.I am not saying that I wont ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I will continue my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.56. The writers rule for his History Matters class is _.A. discussing historical ideas deeply B. studying and discussing the materials C. leaving technology out of the classroomD. making right use of technology in class57. The word “negative” in Paragraph 3 means _.A. similar B. unforgettable C. special D. unpleasant58. What can we infer from the passage?A. Students make right use of technology in other teachers classes.B. The classroom is one of the good places to have deep conversations.C. The writer encourages students to agree with others after discussion. D. Students are unhappy with the writers way of teaching history.59. The writer wants to tell us that _.A. technology has different influences in different classes in collegeB. technology makes it difficult to have true communication in classC. history classes can help students to develop their deep thinking D. it is time for him to give up his teaching method in history class2013年黄冈中考阅读题目： Long long ago a man went to India and he had never been there before.When he got there,he saw a lot of fruit,but much of it was expensive because they couldnt grow much because there was little water.Finally he saw a big basket of some very red and long fruit.And it was the cheapest in the shop. So he went up and asked,“How much each kilo?”and the shop keeper said,“Two rupees(卢比).”Two rupees in India was nothing.So he bought a whole kilogram of the fruit and started eating it.But after he ate some of it: oh, my god! His eyes watered, his mouth watered and burnt, and his face became red.He jumped up and down,saying,“Ah!Ah!Ah!” But he still continued to eat the fruit!Some people who were looking at him shook their heads and said,“Youre crazy,man.Those are chilies(辣椒)!You cant eat so many!People use them as a condiment, but only a little bit to put into food for taste.You cant just eat them like that.”But the silly man said,“No,I cant stop!I paid money for them, and now Ill eat them up.Its my money!” And you think that man was silly,right?We sometimes do a lot of things like that.We spend money,time or effort doing something.And even though its been a long time,hard experience tells us it wont work,and we know theres no more hope,we still continue just because weve put money,time,effort and love in to it.Just like the man who ate the chilies and felt so bad but couldnt stop because he didnt want to waste the money hed paid.So even if youve lost something,let it go and move on.Thats better than continuing to lose.1、The man chose to buy the red and long fruit only because . A.he hadnt eaten it before_ B.he was hungry C.it was cheap D.he hadnt seen it before2、The underlined word“condiment”in Paragraph3 probably means_. A.零食 B.水果 C.调料 D.蔬菜3、Which of the following sentence is TRUE?A. The man went to India to buy fruit. B.The man didnt want to waste money.C.The man bought the fruit because it was expensive. D.India can grow a lot of fruit.4. From the passage,we can learn that_.we shouldnt waste money B.we shouldnt eat chiliesC.we shouldnt buy something cheap D.letting something go is b