《托福阅读推断题》word版.doc

识别提问方式：What can be inferred about_?Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph_?It can be inferred from the paragraph that_?关键词： Infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 例题It can be confirmed the link between rising carbon dioxide concentrations and rising temperatures. Global warming is a serious threat to entire ecosystems, the global atmosphere, and the oceans. While we are already seeing its effects on wildlife and habitat. We know that reducing carbon dioxide emissions from human activities such as burning fossil fuels in power plants and automobiles will help slow global warming and minimize negative effects.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about carbon dioxide?A It burns at a very high temperatureB It is the main atmospheric gasC It is a cause of global warmingD it is used as a fuel for automobiles.做题顺序：题干关键词原文定位-分析选项-判断关键：原文定位定位区间（比细节题大）1.句内概括（长句 反向推论）2.段间推理 （两段之间）特例：排除法 （找不到依据或不确定时）考点：句内定位 反向推论例题It can be confirmed the link between rising carbon dioxide concentrations and rising temperatures. Global warming is a serious threat to entire ecosystems, the global atmosphere, and the oceans. While we are already seeing its effects on wildlife and habitat. We know that reducing carbon dioxide emissions from human activities such as burning fossil fuels in power plants and automobiles will help slow global warming and minimize negative effects.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about carbon dioxide?A It burns at a very high temperature 原文未提及B It is the main atmospheric gas 原文未提及C It is a cause of global warmingD it is used as a fuel for automobiles.D We know that reducing CO2 in automobiles will help slow global warming burning fossil fuels in automobilesàCO2，但CO2并不是它的燃料(逻辑混乱)l 状态变化：限制/阻挠limit/confine/compress/decrease/narrow/curb/impede/inhibit/obstruct/restrict/block/hamper/hinder发展/增加develop/advance/evolve/expand/flourish/foster/grow/promote/amplify/augment/broaden/cultivate/generate/originate/退步/减少decline/halt/repress/recession/cease/fall 正确选项特征：与原文逻辑一致错误选项特征：1.与原文矛盾，或逻辑混乱DELTA P95 3B 2.比较题 （加强比较 OR 比较错误） DELTA P95 4B 3.原文无关（必有）4.绝对词（作者态度）Never/ most/ best/ allOG P72 11DELTA P95 3B Most people think of solar energy in terms from the sun. However, broadly defined, solar energy includes direct energy from the sun as well as a number of indirect forms of solar energy B it is not possible to develop direct forms of solar energySolar energy不仅来源于sun,也来源于a number of indirect forms of energy 干扰原因：与原文矛盾考点：句内定位例题（delta P95 4） The reasons for the migration from rural to urban life were exploitation and lack of economic opportunity. 【The family members who would not inherit a share in the property were exploited by the laws of inheritance. The system was particularly hard on women, who usually did not share in the ownership of the farm and who rarely were paid for their labor. 】The workday for women was even more demanding than it was for men. Women were responsible for the kitchen garden and the small livestock as well as the care of the family. Unmarried women increasingly left the farm in search of economic opportunity in the factories that processed fish or farm products. It can be inferred from the passage that women under this systemA moved from farm to farm in search of work（原文第一句 考点：同意替换）B. were paid less than men for the same work（考点：比较错误）C. Did not acquire property through inheritanceD. Had to get married in order to stay on the farm （无关/混淆）考点：段间定位 OGP252 3In geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recentlyit was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the mountainsof the Himalayas?A Their current height is not an indication of their age. （错因：原文相反） B At present, they are much higher than the mountains of the Caledonian range. C They were a uniform height about 400 million years ago. uniform height 未提及 D They are not as high as the Caledonian mountains were 400 million years ago. （错因：原文相反）the Himalayas are higher than the Caledonian mountains =>younger mountains are generally higher than older mountains. =>The Himalayas are much younger than the Caledonians. 因为 Himalayas 是较为年轻的山脉 and 较年轻的山脉又比较古老的山脉高，于是我们得出 年轻的 Himalayas 要比年长的Caledonians高. 山脉的形成都是因为地壳的断层和褶皱。新山系高耸而呈锯齿状；老山系则因受风化和侵蚀作用的破坏，显得圆滑 特例：排除法OG P102 1 Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge of their tradesto apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes parttime,making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists.After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinerytended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks,the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articlesmanufactured before 1815? A They were primarily produced by women. Parttime primarily （与原文相反+绝对词） B They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes. in homes or shops （与原文相反） C They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.D They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportationnetworks. After 1815（与原文相反）推断题总结必考：02 per set 识别：题中干出现Infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 与细节题本质相同，做题步骤相同关键：回归原文 名词定位不同之处：定位区域可能更大 答案不是直接显现 须经过推理+同义替换找不到依据或不确定时：用排除法常见错误选项错误选项特征：1.与原文矛盾，或逻辑混乱2.比较题 （加强比较 OR 比较错误） 3.原文无关（必有）4.绝对词（作者态度）Never/ most/ best/ all推断题练习TPO1 GROUNDWATERParagraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. （推理题，直接推理）1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. TIMBERLINE VEGETATION ON MOUNTAINSParagraph 1：The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. 3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines? Both are treeless zones Both mark forest boundaries. Both are surrounded by desert areas. Both suffer from a lack of moisture. Paragraph 2：The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. （推理题，对比推理）4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees? They cannot grow in cold climates. They do not exist at the upper timberline. They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline. They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do. ARCHITECTURE（推理题，细节推理）Paragraph 4：Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred ago. 7. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings? They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago. The weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago. They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods. Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. （推理题）8. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5? Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body. The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body. Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is. In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do. THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMSParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. 6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time. Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stabilityjust the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a childs tricycle.) （推理题，逻辑推理）7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests? They become less stable as they mature. They support many species when they reach climax. They are found in temperate zones. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages. THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMSParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. （推理题）6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time. Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest flo