虚拟语气：跟事实相反的3类if从句语法知识点归纳讲义高考英语一轮复习.doc

高考英语语法综合复习讲义虚拟语气：跟事实相反的3类if从句语法知识点归纳练习（含答案解析）跟事实相反的语法现象，就叫做虚拟语气。学好虚拟语气，除了轻松应对考试，我们还能更多样化地表达自我、听懂别人话里的话：TA 是在表达愿望，提出建议，还是不着边际地幻想呢？该语法是外语学习中的一大重点，本文会分两节课来讲，本篇【为基础篇：虚拟语气 + if 从句。01.跟事实相反的3种情况今天这节课，本文不打算直接给出语法规则，而是让大家自行从例句中总结规律。小 Tips：建议每组例句思考1分钟，再往下看答案；此外，观察例句时，主要留意时态，无需纠结肯定还是否定。> > 跟现在事实相反注意事项：1）should 在此处没有“应该”的意思，而是 shall 的过去式，通常用于第一人称 I，we 作主语时；2）🐾 如果 if 从句中有 be 动词，不必考虑人称和单复数的问题，I，you，he，she，we 统统都用 were。虽然歪果仁在口语中会用 If I was 或 If he was ，但在正经的场合，最好还是遵循语法规则：be 动词 were。> > 跟过去事实相反> > 跟将来事实相反有人问：跟现在或过去的事实相反，这倒是好理解；但怎样确定跟将来的事实相反呢？未来的事情谁也不知道哇！本文：咳咳，具体要看说话人的想法，TA 要是觉得这事儿不太可能发生，用虚拟语气就对了；如果 TA 觉得有可能发生，就用普通的 if 从句 - 主将从现（不明白我在说什么的童鞋，翻状语从句 戳可读 那节课出来学习）仔细想想，用虚拟语气讲话，有点阴阳怪气的呢！If you go to the party tomorrow, I will go as well.朴实地表达“你去我就去”的意思，去就去呗，没有想太多。go to the party 这件事很可能发生。If you went to the party tomorrow, I would go as well.实际上，你去趴体的可能性不大 可能这是个炫富的同学聚会，你不想去；也可能是我想拉上你一起去参加，可你倔地像头牛。02.if 从句倒装如果虚拟语气只是上面3种情况，我们还不至于被高考、考研摁在地上摩擦，更难缠的是 虚拟语气的倒装结构！首先，我们要知道，既然有“倒装”，就有“原装”。“原装”的说法是本文取的（非正式术语），相当于我们原先学的句式结构，也就是最普通的“主 + 谓 + 宾”结构。“倒装”，就是“倒过来，重新装”；倒什么？把 “我梳头”were，should，had 倒到句首就对了。接下来，我们从上面3类 if 从句的例句里各选一句，进行改装，大家注意观察倒装结构的规律。注：实际上，现在大家比较少用“were I you”（旧时用得多）。有人认为这个用法过时了；也有人觉得，只要符合语言规则，爱谁谁理谁谁，“were I you”不过时，反而是一种十分正式的用法。在平日交流中，人们更多用 “If I were you” 或者 “in your shoes” 的表达。* 倒装三步走：1）去掉 if2）had 提前3）其它部分照搬（从句的 not 不缩写）* 倒装三步走：1）去掉 if2）should 提前3）其它部分照搬（从句的 not 不缩写）现在，本文要检测大家的掌握情况 1）If I were at his wedding, I might cry like a baby.2）If Tony had followed my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job.3）If you should require anything, you could just let me know.注：黑字为照搬部分03.课后巩固1) If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time.A. take       B. had taken       C. took2) Tony doesnt want to work right away because he thinks that if he _ a job he probably wouldnt be able to see his friends very often.A. had got       B. were to get      C. gets3) _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A. Had it not beenB. werent itC. Had not it been4) _ here tomorrow, she would bring us a homemade cake.A. Were she to comeB. Was she comingC. If she comes5) Had I known about this App, a huge amount of time _.A. would have been savedB. had been savedC. was saved6) The millions of calculation involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.（考研真题）A. had lostB. would have lostC. would lost答案1) If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time.A. take       B. had taken       C. took解析：关键词在主句：might have arrived（本可以及时到的），话外音：实际上没有及时赶到。可见跟过去事实相反，if 从句用过去完成时 had done.2) Tony doesnt want to work right away because he thinks that if he _ a job he probably wouldnt be able to see his friends very often.A. had got       B. were to get      C. gets解析：这题长度唬人罢了，其实不难。突破点在于跟哪个时空的事实相反。Tony 现在不想做工，因为他觉得，如果他（将来）找到工作了，他就不能经常跟朋友见面了。Tony 现在还没有工作呢，get a job 肯定在讲以后的事情；跟将来事实相反，if 从句用 were to do /should do / did，只有B符合。3) _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A. Had it not beenB. werent itC. Had not it been解析：这题考 if 从句 + 倒装。看主句的 could have finished（本可以完成作业），跟第 1）题相似，主句均是"情态动词 + have done"结构，跟过去事实相反；if 从句要用相应的过去完成时 had done  If it hadn't been for your laziness（如果不是因为你懒）。第二步，进行倒装：去掉 if，had提前，其它部分照搬  Had it not been for your laziness.4) _ here tomorrow, she would bring us a homemade cake.A. Were she to comeB. Was she comingC. If she comes解析：首先找关键词，tomorrow 特别显眼，讲的事明天（将来）的事；再看主句 “would + 动词原形” 结构，很容易看出这是跟将来事实相反的 if 从句，所以要从 were to do /should do / did 三个句式中选。再看选项，哎呀，这不是送分题嘛？if 从句倒装哪里有 was 放句首的？C 也不符合虚拟语气啊！只能选 A 了。最后检验下：If she were to come here tomorrow  Were she to come here tomorrow. 中 5) Had I known about this App, a huge amount of time _.A. would have been savedB. had been savedC. was saved解析：找关键词：从句中的 had known  两个发现：1）虚拟语气倒装；2）跟过去事实相反。所以主句用 would have done. 大家不要被其中的被动弄懵了 主句中，time 和 save 是被动关系，时间被省下来，would have done be done = would have been done6) The millions of calculation involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had lostB. would have lostC. would lost解析：这是一道20多年前的研究生考试真题，咳咳，只要你认真掌握语法要点，再骨灰的题都不是问题。题目的长度比较唬人，加上“had they been done by hand” 硬生生地从句子中间插进来，看上起有点复杂。我们一截一截看：首先，第一个逗号之前 “The millions of calculation involved” 几百万的计算量；插入成分 “had they been done by hand” 是倒装结构，原装句式为 if they had been done by hand 如果它们手动算的话。they 指的是上文提到的millions of calculation；最后一截“（lose）all practical value by the time they were finished.” 到算完的时候，就失去了实用价值。拆解完，我们就很容易找到突破点：在从句 “had they been done by hand” 中，had done 为关键词，从而判断跟过去事实相反，主句用 would have done.