专升本英语翻译技巧.doc

翻译实践技巧（一）一、翻译的定义翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。如果把写作比作成自由舞蹈，翻译就是戴着手铐脚镣在跳舞，而且还要跳的优美。二、翻译的标准1.1898年 严复“信，达，雅”-忠实于原著，译文流畅，文字典雅。2.1964年 钱钟书 “化境”说-原作向译文的投胎转世。3.“忠实”与“通顺”三、翻译的要求1.深厚的语言功底英语和汉语1.1 语法意识1.2 惯用语意识1.3连贯意识2.广博的文化知识3.高度的责任感与意识翻译技巧做好翻译的关键在于了解英汉两种语言的差异，把握两种语言不同用语习惯，按照“忠实”，“通顺”两大原则，是译文尽可能多的反映原文信息。英汉两种语言在结构上存在较大差异。应注意以下几点：四、英汉语言对比1.句法结构顺序汉语：主体+行为标志+行为+行为客体 S + Ad. +V + O(C)英语：主体+行为+行为客体+行为标志 S + V + O(C) + Ad. I have not seen him for over 30 years.我30多年来一直没有见过他。2.句法结构重心汉语把修饰语放在主体前，故重心在前；英语句子重心放在句末，即把较长的较复杂的成分放在后面。你们班家住在乡下的同学有多少？How many students are there in your class whose homes are in the countryside?3.信息重心汉语的信息重心后置，即把要强调的内容放在后面表达；英语的把主要的信息放在前面先说。我原打算今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟了。I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.他5岁生了一场病，变成了聋子。He became a deaf after an attack of illness at 5.4.”天人合一”与“自我中心”I am in good health. 我的身体很健康。我的法语看报很吃力。I read newspapers in French with great difficulty.5.直率与含蓄英语表态在前，叙事在后；观点在前，事实在后。汉语正好相反。收到你们的消息，我很愉快。I am very happy to receive your message.6.客体与主体英语常用非生物性词作主语，汉语则用人或生物性的词。The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到要返回心里就害怕。7.逻辑与领悟英语注重逻辑性，强调主谓配套，时态呼应，成分定位，有形连接。汉语不太注重逻辑，成流水状。Everyone knows life in the north-west of china is harder. 谁都知道，西北地区是艰苦些。注意事项英语信息重点在前，汉语信息重点在后。You will lose your chance if you dont take action right now. 如果不马上采取行动，你就会坐失良机。英语多用复合长句。，汉语多用简单短句。Chilly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets. 阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么行人了英语多被动，汉语多主动He was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.当地政府要求他在医院创建一个创伤医疗中心。英语属静态语言，汉语属动态语言That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. 这证明它的使用是十分普遍的。英译汉将英语译为汉语，需要注意两个层面，一个词汇，一个句法。另外，句法中着重于从句。词汇的翻译词义选择。根据上下文关系和自身搭配，选择正确的词义。It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。 This story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争将成为这代人生命中最重大的事件了。词义的引申:delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器 delicate health 虚弱的健康delicate living 奢侈的生活 delicate stomach容易吃坏的胃 词义的褒贬 注意感情色彩。My brothers ambition is becoming a pilot. Hitlers ambition is to conquest the world. 词义的转换 英语在表达上多用名词，形容词，介词，而汉语多用动词，副词 The very sight of it makes me nervous 一看到他，我就感到紧张。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.学习中必须进行独立思考。（2008.59）增词法 They say her father was a worker in the small company. Maybe he was as poor as us. 听人说，以前她的父亲在一个小工厂里当工人。他那时也许和我们现在一样穷。减词法 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。句法翻译调整语序 常常需要把英文中位于主要信息之后的次要信息前移。定语前移 This is the best solution imaginable. 这是能想到的最好解决办法。 状语前移 He had to quit the position and went to exile, having been deprived of his power. 他被剥夺了权力，只好离职，流落他乡。拆分法 They, not unexpectedly, did not respond. 他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。融合法 We look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe. 我们期待有一天科学家们能揭开更多宇宙奥秘。被动语态译成汉语主动句 On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. 相反，他们的知识和经验更丰富了。By the end of the war more than 2000 people had been saved by the organization. 到战争结束时，这个组织拯救了2000多人的生命。 To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched into the space again and again. 为了探测月球表面，人们不断向太空发射火箭。(2007.56)译成汉语无主句，主要用于翻译被动句 The use of satellite makes it possible to observe the universe much better. 利用卫星能够更好地观察宇宙。借助“被，由，让，为，遭，加，予以，为 所” 等词译为汉语被动句 Nuclear power has been known to the scientist for a long time. 核能为科学家们所认识已经有很长时间了。译成汉语判断句 In addition, not all the technology is based on science. 另外，并不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的。肯定与否定有些词汇本身带有否定意味，例如；avoid, before, beyond,deny,escape. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。 (2001.65)部分否定结构翻译为肯定更符合英语习惯。 Dont lose time in posting this letter双重否定 Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.关于这一点的意义和重要性，怎么强点也不为过。特殊结构 All that glitters is not gold.发光的不都是金子。(2003.65)Nobody is admitted without permission. 未经允许，任何人不得入内。主语从句主语从句包含的信息为重要信息，位于句首。What he told me was only half-truth.他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。（2008.58） 形式主语It 与accept,agree,argue,claim,report,say,suggest等动词连用，一般增补主语，或译为无主句。It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determined his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为，孩子早年的经历很大程度上决定了他们的性格和未来的人品例如（2008.57；2008.60；2008.64）。宾语和表语从句一般直译I understand that he is well qualified,but I feel that he needs more experience. 我知道他很符合条件，但是我觉得他还需经验。（2008.62）事物并不总是如其表象 Things are not always as they seem to be. （2008.63）同位语从句同位语从句修饰的名词例如：hope,idea suggestion,statement（例如2008.60）一般直译 She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly. 她不明白自己为什么突然想起他来。定语从句前置 Pollution is a pressing problem （which we must deal with right now）.污染是我们现在就必须解决的一个迫切问题。（2007.60；2008.56）后置，定语太长时 It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了（2007.65）。状语从句一般包括时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果。英译汉时多放于句首，结果状语除外。Now that all of us are here,lets start our meeting. 既然大家都到了，我们开始开会吧 。She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face. 她坐在我身后，我看不到她的表情。汉译英方法与技巧汉语的句法特征：主语由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主句情况时常可见；谓语成分复杂，不受主语支配，无人称、数、时态的变化。句子与句子之间多无明显的逻辑关系连接。英语句法特征：主语突出，只能由名词或相当于名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，人称和数上必须主谓一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化；句子与句子之间多以连接词相联。牢记！英语是主语显著语言，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此选择确定主语和谓语是成功构句的关键。主语的确定1.以原句主语作为译文主语我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。Our house was built over a hunderd years ago.2.重新确定主语可以是句子中其他词语，也可以是句外词语。他的身材魁梧，长着一副大长方脸。He was a gaint of a man with a long square face.人不可貌相。It is impossible to judge people from their appearance.3.增补主语用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.谓语的确定选择谓语时必须考虑英语句法规范，遵循“主谓一致”原则，保证谓语和主语在人称和数上一致，动词时态、语态正确。鉴于此，强化语法意识，增强句法观念至关重要。旅途中的情景很多，在此就不一一描写了。My experiences of this trip are too numerous to be described one by one.语序的调整一.句内语序调整1.状语的位置：灵活，一般按照动词-方式-地点-时间 的顺序。他每晚都在图书馆用心读书。He reads hard in the library every evening.2.定语位置单词作定语放在中心词前，较长定语如词组或句子则放在中心词之后。举世闻名的万里长城The world famous Great Wall山东曲阜是中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。Qufu, Shandong Provience, is the birthplace of Confucious, a well-known ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.句间语序1.S+V+O，and /but S+V+O2.引导词+从句+主句 或者主句+引导词+从句否定句的翻译英语中的否定手段：1.词汇手段 no/not/never/nor/neither/hardly/rarely/seldom/scarcely/few/little/否定前缀或后缀/lack/fail/deny/miss/exclude/run short/out of/beyond/without/above/except/before/unless/other than2.句法手段Morethan/other than/rather than/know better than/tooto方法1.直接已成否定句注意否定转移情况我认为他不够格。I dont think he is qualified.2.译成肯定句人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。The people is to the peoples army what water is to fish.他无可指责。He is above blame.他考试不及格。He failed to pass the exam.3.译成否定句直到.才直到考完试我才能去看你。Not until I finish taking the exam can I pay a visit to you.常见方法visit you. 假如你不来，我就去看你。改译法 他提醒我们要注意身体 He warned us to take care of ourselves。增译法 不知你是否完成了任务。 I wonder whether you have finished your task. 许多商店开展买一赠一的活动。 Many departments provide service of “Buy One Get One Free” 对应法 If you dont come here, I will go to省译法 你们需要的是快速进步，而不是慢慢的进步。 You need rapid progress, not slow.调整顺序 我能在这儿坐一会吗？ Can I sit here for a while 好的建议，谁来提都无所谓。If the suggestion is advisable, it does not matter who gives it. 不管晴天阴天，比赛准时进行。 Rain or shine,the match will go on time.转换语态和正反对译这座桥将在今年年底建成。 The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.我还没来得及拦住她，她就向大家宣布了这个消息。 Before I could stop her,she shouted the news to everyone. 当时女孩子没有受教育的机会。 Girls were denied the chance to education at that time.常用的句型Notuntil. 句型 1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。 2.Tom did not watch TV until he finished his homework.（2003.68）3. It was not until in my thirties that I made this important discovery:giving-away makes life so much more exciting. 直到将近不惑之年，我才如梦方醒，意识到奉献社会使我们的生活更加灿烂。（模拟1.58）4. Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did the human beings learn to prevent the disease from spreading. 直到二十世纪初，人类才学会防治疾病的传播。It is reported/said /estimated that It is reported that foreign insurance companies has entered into nineteen Chinese cities so far. （2007.59） =made their way据报道，迄今为止，外国保险公司已打入中国19个城市。据估计，已经有100多万人从这个工程中受益。Its estimated that more than 1 million people had been benefited from this project. （2005.76）It is necessary/important for sb to do sth我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的文化差异。It is necessary for us to learn/know some differences between some English speaking countries and China.（2002.70）大学生学好英语很重要。 It is important for university students to learn English well.（2003.66）比较级你练得越刻苦，你取得的进步就越大。The harder you practice,the greater progress you will make.（2003.70）他在各方面都比我好 He is much better than I in every aspect.This year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last year. 他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多（2008.56）The people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a house. 对于同一所房子，人们将要支付的是往常支付钱数的两三倍之多。2007.57（倍数）Be likely to and not.but.The words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be needed by every person.(2007.56) 本词典词条所列，都是每个人极可能用得上的单词和词组。如果你想获得成功，除了努力工作以外别无选择。 There is no other choices but hard- working if you want to be successful(2005.77) It seems thatand in spite of.It seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have been in different worlds. 看起来很奇怪的是，在过去的十年里，麦克和我可能恰好在不同的世界里。（2008.57） In spite of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation of the world. 尽管意见有分歧，我们对维护世界和平有着共同的利益。Although,but and depend on尽管警察怀疑这名年轻人，但没有足够证据证明他就是犯罪。 Although this young person is under suspicion, there is no proof to show he is the criminal.(2005.80)使我们自己的所为和所不为决定着我们的未来。 Our future depends on what we ourselves should do or not do.(2007.61)我们能否出行取决于天气。Our trip is dependent on the weather.(depends on )(模拟1.64)So.thatand sb have the/no little chance of /there is little chance of 汤姆筋疲力尽，看着书竟睡着了。 Tom was so worn out that he fell asleep while reading a book.He has no chance of passing the examination.He never goes his lesson.他绝没有及格的可能，因为他从来不复习功课。There is little chance of our coming to business because of the big differences between our price.由于双方价格悬殊，我们恐怕很难达成协议。Scarcely/hardlywhenand sb wonderHe had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read. 他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。（2002.61）我想知道他是否能看英文小说 I wonder whether he can read English novel well.(2002.67)应试技巧书写工整不要犯低级错误，例如；首字母大写，简单词不要错，性别正确2009年试题71. He never went outside；but he was sick of staying home and wanted to go out for once他从来没出去过，但他厌倦了呆在家里，想出去一次透透气。73. In the United States,elementary and middle schools are advised to give students two and a half hours of physical activity a week.在美国，人们建议小学和中学给学生两个半小时的体育时间。75. 处理这些问题全凭经验It all depends on experiences to deal with these problems.77.请你帮我在纽约预定一个四星级宾馆的房间好吗？Could you please help me to book a room in a four-star hotel in New York？78.我们两国之间已经有10年的贸易关系。There have been a trade relationship between us two countries for 10 years.79.整套设备可以在几个小时内安装完毕The complete set of equipment can be fixed within several hours.80.我们的实验现在已经到了最后也是最重要的一个阶段。