写作讲义请打印.doc

写 作一、分值：25分二、题型：英文指令：题材+话题+字数 汉语提纲：识别提纲功能三、时间：30分钟 具体安排如下： 1. 审题: 识别提纲功能 2. 以关键词形式打草稿 3. 正文写作 4. 检查修正 四、评分方法：印象分（保分） + 奖励分（背诵）五、写作技巧与方法1、句子层面：（1）五大基本句型 （2）简单句的扩展 给句子加修饰：定语状语（时间状语、地点状语）添加并列成分，或者构成并列句利用并列连词：and、or、 but 、so、 both and 、neither. nor 等列举利用主从复合句：名从、定从、状从2、段落层面：六种功能段落现象描述 危害分析 原因分析 建议措施 观点阐述 意义阐述3、篇章层面：六种功能段落的排列组合 问题解决型 观点对比型（支持反对我的观点） 现象阐述型(一) 问题解决型写作思路=现象描述 + 危害分析原因分析 + 建议措施1、现象描述段 = 引出现象+具体描述+总结（1）引出现象：首句 Recently, there has been a heated discussion as toonabout . 首句 has been brought into public focus. 首句 In modern society, is becoming more and more popular among . 首句 Nowadays, there is a growing concern over 首句：描述客观现象 There is no doubt that There is no denying the fact that Nobody No one could have failed to notice the fact that has become a grave problem负面：a grave problemà 正面：a common/popular phenomenon首句：“随着发展”With the development of .The past years decades have seen witnessed the hugespeedy rapiddevelopment of _ _.其他表达（稍难，请根据自身情况选择背诵(_）： On many campuses/ In the contemporary society/ In the present-day society/ In recent decades, the shortage of housing is one of the most serious problems with which people are confronted. (正反均可): Nowadays/In the present-day society/In recent decades, it can be noticed that children depend more on their parents than ever before. (比较级引出问题)(正反均可)： In the present-day society/ In recent years, it has become a prevalent/ popular tendency/ trend for _ to _. （正面）In recent decades, _ has/have gained great popularity among _.popularity à public attention (负面)(2）具体描述：事实描述二步走 第一步：提纲中涉及谁就说谁第二步：引申其中的名词(由个体到群体，由小见大)练习：现在很多父母替孩子包办一切. Parents do everything for their children. . A great many parents do everything for their children. . In many families, a great many parents do everything for their children, such as food, clothes, education even marriage. 二句： An increasing number of individuals/people find it difficult/ hard/ troublesome to _.越来越多的àA growing number of à People in growing numbers 例如：父母替孩子包办一切：An increasing number of children find it hard to live on their own without parents. 正面话题：difficult à convenient/ inexpensive/ beneficial 二句：举例描述A case in point of this is /A typical example of this is/This phenomenon can be best illustrated by the fact that Turning a look around, we can find a great many/plenty of/a good deal of examples like this: 例子 .Our daily life has been filled with a variety of examples like this：some ,some , some .二句：调查法描述 According to a recent survey/ report, a majority of people/ students /individuals /citizens /residents admit/reckon /acknowledge that _ _According to à Based on 正面：a majority of à 负面：a minority of （3）总结问题：承上+启下三句：As a resultConsequently, requirescalls for close attention of 三句：due attention should be paid to _ _（或）we should pay due attention to _ _.三句：Thus/Therefore/Hence, how to effectively has become a matter of concern. （负面）【现象描述段范例1】：Unhealthy Living Habits1. 现在很多大学生有不健康的生活习惯 2. 这些习惯的危害 3. 我的建议首段：负面现象描述(各个句子功能及表达)首句引出现象：Nowadays, there is growing concern over unhealthy living habits among college or university students.二句具体描述：Turning a look around, we can find a great many examples like this: some stay up late; some are addicted to a variety of computer games; some are often absent from classes. 三句总结： As a result, these habits call for the close attention of teachers and parents. 注意：功能段落凡是放在首段，二句具体描述可以只写一句话或者不写，但是若在第二段请务必将二句具体描述扩充。【现象描述写作范例2】：现象（正面） 1. 如今网络购物已成为一种时尚首句引出现象：In the present-day society, online shopping has become more and more popular among youngsters. 二句具体描述：A growing number of people find it convenient and inexpensive to buy/purchase via the Internet. (或万能举例法：Turning a look around, we can find plenty of examples like this: Taobao, Dangdang and Amazon are websites where we can buy clothes, books, and other items.) 三句总结话题：Thus, online shopping calls for the attention of the society. 2、危害分析段= 主题句 + 具体危害（2-3）+ 总结危害（1）主题句：Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect.主题句：Quite obviously, it is of great necessity to figure out the negative influences behind it.主题句： can result in lead to generate negative impacts if we keep trying to ignore it.( 2 具体危害：To begin with, _ _ may do harm to _. 危害：Moreover, will produce/ generate bad impacts on . 危害：it is obvious that is developing at the expense of .危害：In addition/ Furthermore/ What is worse/ Besides, _ _ set bad examples to others, leading them to _.（对于他人影响）危害：Last but not least, it can be argued that _ means a grave waste of time/energy/natural resources.( 3 )危害总结：总结：As has been noted, _ do/does impact _ negatively to a large/some extent. 总结：To conclude, it is undeniable that the bad impacts of _ _ can never be ignored.注意：【危害分析范例】：Unhealthy Living Habits1. 现在很多大学生有不健康的生活习 2. 这些习惯的危害 3. 我的建议二段：大学生不健康生活习惯危害分析（弊） ：主题句：Quite obviously, it is of great necessity to figure out the negative influences behind these habits. 危害1：To begin with, staying up late may do harm to students physical health. 危害2：Moreover, playing games will produce negative impacts on students study academic performance. 危害3：Then, it can be argued that these bad habits mean a grave waste of time, money and energy. 尾句总结危害：As has been noted, these bad habits do impact students' life and study to some extent. 3、原因分析段 = 主题句 + 具体原因（2-3）+ 总结原因（1）主题句：Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. (中性话题)主题句：In general, there are several reasons/ factors/ causes responsible for _ _。主题句：It is evident that the causes of _ are diversevarious. 主题句：(To solve/deal with this issue,) it is of vital significance to explore the possible reasons.( 2 ) 具体原因原因：In the first place, _ _is the root cause. (原因+具体描述).原因：In the second place, _ _ constitute another major reason. Specifically, _. (原因+具体描述).原因：In additionwhats more (worse), plays a criticalimportant role in this issue. 原因：(法规）Besides, the _ _ policy being carried out in _ (doesnt) enables _ to _.万能词汇：related( 3 )总结原因：As a result, pay relatively lessmore attention to . 【原因分析范例】：On Online shopping 1、网购的看法 2、给出原因支持自己的观点二段主题句：In general, there are several reasons responsible for why so many people choose shopping online.原因1：In the first place, convenience is the root cause. As it saves our time and we neednt spend much time going from one shop to another to get what we want.原因2：In the second place, cheap and fine constitute another reason. Specifically, we may purchase the same goods with less money through online shopping.原因3：What is more, more information about the commodities plays an important role in online shopping.总结： As a result, people pay relatively more attention to online shopping. 4、建议措施段 = 总结 +（建议1- 2）+ 展望未来( 1 )总结：(针对负面问题建议):In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse. 鉴于：in view ofà considering；(针对负面问题建议): Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/To tackle this problem, it is high time that we took feasible steps to stop/ limit this trend. (正反均可）Peoples ways to _ _ do vary/differ. Some _; some _; others _. ( 2 )建议：法律法规: On one hand, it is essential that laws regulations should be worked out and enforced to ban /support /regulate _ . 强化意识: On the other hand, it is suggested that _should enhance/ promote / strengthen their awareness of . awareness à sense .发动群众：Additionally, we should advocate and encourage our friends, classmates and acquaintances to _ _.（3）展望未来展望：Only by adopting these measures, can we hope/ expect to _ _.展望：If we spare no effort to do so, a promising and hopeful future of _ _is just awaiting us.展望：Undoubtedly, if we spare no efforts to do so, the future of _ will be rosy, hopeful and promising.【建议措施段范例】：Unhealthy Living Habits1. 现在很多大学生有不健康的生活习惯 2. 这些习惯的危害 3. 我的建议三段：建议措施段：主题句：Evidently, there are a variety of ways in which we can help students to correct these bad habits. 建议1：On one hand, it is essential that regulations should be worked out and enforced to regulate students behaviors. 建议2：On the other hand, we should advocate and encourage our friends, classmates and other people to correct those improper habits.展望未来： If we spare no effort to do so, a promising and hopeful future of students is just awaiting us.(二)观点对比型作文写作思路=支持方观点+反对方观点+ 我的观点阐述（传统） = 现象描述 + 支持方观点 + 反对观点方阐述 + 我的观点阐述建议措施 （推荐）5、观点阐述段=主题句+观点（支持反对我的）( 1 )主题句： Every coin has two sides and is note an exception. There are two sides of opinions about . There are different viewpoints among people as to . Peoples opinions about vary from person to person.( 2 )支持方观点(利或好处)Some people sayarguebelieve that _ _ is of great importance/ benefit. In their eyes, without_, its impossibleharddifficult for individuals to _. A number of individuals favor / advocate _ _. They firmly believe that _will enable them to enrich their _and _.Those who are in favor of _claim that _isare superior to _.Another advantagemerit is that _may offerprovide pleasureentertainmentan enjoyable life.【支持方观点范例】：Marks and Ability 1.有些人认为学习成绩是重要的 2.有些人认为培养个人能力更重要 2.你的看法主题句：Every coin has two sides and this issue is not an exception.支持观点1：Some people argue that marks are of great importance. In their eyes, without the pass marks, its impossible for students to graduate from their universities or colleges.支持观点2：A number of students favor good marks. They firmly believe that good marks will enable them to find a good job. Since good marks can indicate their perfect mastery of book knowledge. 注：关于事物的好处或重要性可从以下几个方面描述1） convenience 方便; 2) efficiency 效率; 3) safety 安全; 4) economical经济节约的; 5) entertainment乐趣; 6) health 健康; 7) communication 交流; 8) character training 性格培养; 9) achievement成就; 10) durability 耐久性，耐用性( 3 ) 反方观点（弊或危害）： Other people argue that_counts much more than _. While others think that _is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, _.Besides, _.thirdly/finally,_. Even so, others hold a different view that_carriescarry some risks/doubt. For example/instance, _ Others, however, regard it differently. They deem that_means/calls for a great amount of time or money. Therefore, _may be disturbed. Although it is beneficial/good/popular, others have an opposite opinions.opponents point out problems with the new requirement. First, _. Second, _. At last,_.注：反方观点本质为分析危害或指出不足，因此用于分析危害的表达也可以用来写反方观点。【反方观点范例1】Marks and Abilities:1、有人认为学习成绩更重要 2、有人认为培养个人能力更重要 3、你的看法。反方观点1：While others think that cultivating ones abilityraising ones ability is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, with good marks and without ability, you cant use your book knowledge into your actual career. 反方观点2：BesidesIn addition/whats more, your work performance is based on your skill which is quite related to your ability. So you can take every chance to develop your practical abilities with pains-taking efforts.【反方观点范例2】Recreational Activities1. 娱乐活动多种多样 2.娱乐可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性 3. 作为大学生我的看法反方（观点）1：Even so, others hold a different view that some recreational activities carry some risks. Firstly, they deem that these activities mean a great amount of time and energy; therefore, their normal work may be disturbed. 反方（观点）2：In addition, what worries many parents or teachers is that some negative games may generate bad impacts on students academic performance. （反方观点：娱乐活动也有一定危害性,也可运用危害分析段阐述）（4）阐述我的观点 = 我的观点+理由+展望未来我的观点阐述如下： As far as I am concerned, the advantages of_will far outweigh its/their disadvantages. I, as well as many others, am convinced that_will do more good than harm. As a college student, I am firmly convinced that_或者I am in favor that_. It is difficult to say whether_is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of_.However, from a personal point of view find_.理由句分析整理如下： The reason, in my opinion, can be summed up in the following three respects. The reasons why I enjoy/dislike it are as follows_. Why are there so many_? The first reason, in my mind, is that_. There are many reasons/causes for_, but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing, I think_. For another, _. But the most decisive reason is perhaps that_. One possible reason for this tendency is that_. In addition, _.And again_.展望未来：同问题解决型展望未来写法【阐述我的观点范例】Marks and Abilities:1、有人认为学习成绩更重要 2、有人认为培养个人能力更重要 3、你的看法。我的观点：As a college student, I am in favor of possessing high abilities. 理由分析：The reason, in my opinion, can be summed up in the following two respects. On one hand, I must work hard to get good marks. But on the other hand, I think we should apply the knowledge and theory into practice.展望未来：If we spare no effort to do so, a promising and hopeful future is just waiting us.6.意义阐述段 = 主题句 + 意义阐述（1-2）( 1 )首段意义阐述主题句: Along with_, _has been playing a significant/important role/part in our daily life. As society develops, people are attaching more and more importance to _. Nowadays, with _, people attach great importance to _