《语言学》构词法 Blend.doc

Expand Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project Donate Now BlendFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Blend (disambiguation)."Blending" redirects here. For alpha blending, see Alpha compositing.In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.Contentshide· 1 Linguistics o 1.1 Formation § 1.1.1 Blending of two roots § 1.1.2 Lexical Selection · 2 Use · 3 See also · 4 References edit LinguisticsBlends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word. However, the process of defining which words are true blends and which are not is more complicated. The difficulty comes in determine which parts of a new word are "recoverable" (its root can be distinguished).1There are many types of blends, based on how they are formed. Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups2 :1. Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words 2. Clipping: the shortening of two words and then compounding them 3. Phenomic Overlap and Clipping: shortening of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding However, classification of types of blends is not standard among all linguists.edit FormationMost blends are formed by one of the following methods:1. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other (see portmanteau word. For example, brunch is a blend of breakfast and lunch. One of the two may be a whole word if it is short. This is the most common method of blending. A monosyllabic word is divided into its onset and rime if necessary. A blend of this type typically has the same number of syllables as the second word. o broccoli (3) + cauliflower (4) broccoflower (4) o breakfast (2) + lunch (1) brunch (1) o camera (3) + recorder (3) camcorder (3) o education (4) + entertainment (4) edutainment (4) o information (4) + commercial (3) infomercial (4, exception) o motor (2) + hotel (2) motel (2) o simultaneous (5) + broadcast (2) simulcast (3, exception) o smoke (1) + fog (1) smog (1) o spoon (1) + fork (1) spork (1) o stagnation (3) + inflation (3) stagflation (3) 2. The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg is a blend of cybernetic and organism. 3. Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. For example, the word Californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and fornication. 4. Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds' order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithe and slimy. This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll's verbal wit. When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe.edit Blending of two rootsBlending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew. "Israeli dakhpór bulldozer hybridizes (Mishnaic Hebrew>>)Israeli dp push and (Biblical Hebrew>>)Israeli pr dig. Israeli shiltút zapping, surfing the channels, flipping through the channels derives from (i) (Hebrew>)Israeli shalát remote control, an ellipsis like English remote (but using the noun instead) of the (widely known) compound shalát rakhók cf. the Academy of the Hebrew Languages shalát rákhak; and (ii) (Hebrew>)Israeli shitút wandering, vagrancy. Israeli shiltút was introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in . 1996. Synchronically, it might appear to result from reduplication of the final consonant of shalát remote control. Another example of blending which has also been explained as mere reduplication is Israeli gakhlilít fire-fly, glow-fly, Lampyris. This coinage by Hayyim Nahman Bialik blends (Hebrew>)Israeli gakhélet burning coal with (Hebrew>)Israeli láyla night. Compare this with the unblended khakhlilít (black) redstart, Phnicurus (<<Biblical Hebrew dull red, reddish). Synchronically speaking though, most native Israeli-speakers feel that gakhlilít includes a reduplication of the third radical of gl. This is incidentally how Ernest Klein3 explains gakhlilít. Since he is attempting to provide etymology, his description might be misleading if one agrees that Hayyim Nahman Bialik had blending in mind."4"There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew kaspár bank clerk, teller. The first is that it consists of (Hebrew>)Israeli késef money and the (International/Hebrew>)Israeli agentive suffix - -ár. The second is that it is a quasi-portmanteau word which blends késef money and (Hebrew>)Israeli spr count. Israeli Hebrew kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one, the final syllable - -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix - -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforims coinage smartutár rag-dealer."5edit Lexical SelectionBlending may occur with an error in lexical selection, the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to the use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was:Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words . you will say "frumious."6The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and the morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable7.edit UseSome languages, like Japanese, encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke, a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. kesutora ), is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. (From the article gairaigo.)Many corporate brand names, trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary, one of Wikipedia's sister projects, is a blend of wiki and dictionary. Also, Nabisco is a blend of the initial syllables of National Biscuit Company.edit See alsoLook up Blend inWiktionary, the free dictionary.· Amalgamation (names) · Clipping (morphology) · Compound (linguistics) · Contraction (grammar) · Phono-semantic matching · Portmanteau word o List of portmanteaus · Syllabic abbreviation edit References1. Blends 2. Blends 3. See p. 97 in Klein, Ernest (1987), A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language, Jerusalem: Carta. 4. See p. 66 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X. 5. See p. 67 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X. 6. Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland. 7. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2007) An Introduction to Language, Eighth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-1773-8