英语四级阅读必须掌握的词汇.docx
英语四级阅读需掌握72个关键句1It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 Shehadsaidwhatitwasnecessarytosay. 2强调句型 Itisnotwhorulesusthatisimportant,buthowherulesus. 3"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) Hewasallgentlenesstoher. 4利用词汇重复表示强调 Acrimeisacrimeacrime. 5"something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of""somethingof"相当于"tosomeextent",表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中,则为"anythingof",可译为"有点","略微等。""译为毫无","全无"。"muchof"译为"大有","notmuchof"可译为"算不上","称不上","littleof"可译为"几乎无"。somethinglike译为"有点像,略似。" Theysaythathehadnouniversityeducation,butheseemstobesomethingofascholar. 6同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语,以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"heroldsharperofafather",可译为:"她那骗子般的父亲"。 Thosepigsofgirlseatsomuch. 7asascan(may)be Itisasplainasplaincanbe. 8"Itisin(with)asin(with)" Itisinlifeasinajourney. 9"asgoodas"相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。 Themerchantasgoodaspromisedtheorphanboy,thathewouldadopthim. 10"manyaswellas"和"mightaswellas""manyaswellas"可译为"与其,不如,更好","以这样做为宜","如同,也可以"等等。"mightaswellas"表示不可能的事,可译为"犹如","可与一样荒唐","与其那样不如这样的好"等等。 Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitimperfectly. 11"tomakeof"的译法(使成为,把当作) Iwillmakeascientistofmyson. 我想使我儿子成为科学家。12oo+不定式",not(never)too+不定式","toonot+不定式 Sheistooangrytospeak. 她气得说不出话来。13only(not,all,but,never)tootodoso"和"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义,凡是"not","all""but等字后+"tooto,"不定式都失去了否定意义,在"tooready(apt)+todo"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义。 Youknowbuttooyelltoholdyourtongue. 14"nomorethan"句型 Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman. 15"notsomuchas"和"notsomuchas"结构,"notsomuchas"="notsomuchas",其中as有进可换用butrather,可译为:"与其说是毋须说是"。而"notsomuchas"="without(not)even,"可译为"甚至还没有"。 Theoceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit. 与其说海洋分割了世界,不如说它连结了世界。16"Nothingismorethan"和"Nothingissoas"结构,"Nothingismorethan"和"Nothingissoas"都具有最高级比较的意思,"NothingI"可换用"no","nobody","nowhere","little","few","hardly","scarcely"等等,可译为"没有比更为","像再没有了","最"等。 Nothingismorepreciousthantime. 没有比时间更宝贵的了。17"cannottoo"结构,"cannottoo"意为"Itisimpossibletooverdo"或者,即"无论怎样也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly","scarcely"等,"too"可换用"enough","sufficient"等 Youcannotbetoocareful.你再怎么谨慎也不过分。 18"否定+but"结构,在否定词后面的"but",具有"whichnot","whonot","thatnot",等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有不是"或"都"等 Nothingissobadbutitmighthavebeenworse. 19"否定+until(till)"结构,在否定词"no","not","never","little","few","seldom"等的后边所接用的"until/till",多数情况下译为"直到才","要才",把否定译为肯定。 Nobodyknowswhathecandotillhehastried. 要试过以后他才能知道自己能不能做。20"notsobut"和"notsuchabut"结构,这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多,不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"thatnot"意味的连续词,表示程度。可译为"还没有到不能做的程度","并不是不","无论怎样也不是不能"等。 Heisnotsosickbuthecancometoschool.21"疑问词+shouldbut"结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为"nonebut",可译为"除了还有谁会","岂料","想不到竟是"等。 Whoshouldwriteitbuthimself? 22"whoknowsbut(that)"和"whocouldshouldbut"结构,这个结构是反问形式,一般意译为"多半","亦未可知"等等,有时也可直译。 Whoknowsbut(that)hemaygo? 23"祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构,"祈使句+and"表示"Ifyou","祈使名+or"表示"ifnot,you。 Addlovetoahouseandyouhaveahome.Aadrighteousnesstoacityandyouhaveacommunity.Aadtruthtoapileofredbrickandyouhaveaschool. 24"名词+and"结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。 Aword,andhewouldlosehistemper. 25"as,so"结构,这里的"so"的意思是"inthesameway"(也是如此)。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。 Asrusteatsiron,socareeatstheheart. 26"ifany"结构,"ifany"和"ifever",意思是"果真有","即使有",表示加强语气。与此类似的还有:"ifanything"(如有不同的话,如果稍有区别),"ifaday"(=atleast,至少)。 Thereislittle,ifany,hope. 27"beitever(never)so"和"letitbeever(never)so"结构,这里,"beit"中的"be"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式,现代英语则使用"letitbe"。"everso"和"neverso"都表示同一意思,都表示"very"。 Beiteversohumble(letitbeeversohumble),homeishome. 28"thelast+不定式"和"thelast+定语从词"结构,这种结构中的"last"意思是"theleastlikely",用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的","最不合适的",由原意的"最后一个"变成"最不可能的一个"。 Heisthelastmantoacceptabride. 29"sothat"句型,这个句型的意思是"如此,以致于",但在翻译成汉语时,许多情况下,并不是一定要译成"如此以致于",而是变通表达其含义。 Heransofastthatnobodycouldcatchhimup. 30"more+than+原级形容词(副词)"结构,这是将不同性质加以比较,其中的"more"有"rather"的意思。 Itismorethanprobablethathewillfall. 31"morethan+动词"结构,这种结构表示动词的程度,可译为"异常","岂止","十二分地"等。 Thismorethansatisfiedme. 32"goodand"的副词用法,译为"非常","很"等。类似还有"niceand","fineand,""lovelyand","brightand","rareand","bigand"等,均表示程度。 Theapplesaregoodandripe. 33"andthat"结构,这个"andthat"应译为"而且",表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强,"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。 Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce. 34"atonceand"结构,这个结构译为"既又",起相关连接的作用,相当于"bothand"。 Thenovelisatoncepleasingandinstructive. 35"inthat"结构,这个结构的意思是"在那一点上(方面)",可译为"因为"。类似的结构还有"inthis"。 Thebudgetisunrealisticinthatitdisregardsincreasedcosts. 36"thenamenotwithstanding"结构,这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词,这个介词可以置前,可以置后,比如也可写成:"notwithstandingthename"。起让步状语的作用。Somepeoplethinkofthestoragebatteryasasortofcondenserwhereelectricityisstored.Butthisisanentirelywrongconception,thenamenotwithstanding. 37"Everynot"和"Allnot"结构,"Everynot"表示"不见得每个都是";"Allnot"表示"不见得所有都是"的意思。 Everymanisnotpolite,andallarenotborngentlemen. 38"mayaswellnotas"结构,此结构可译为"与其不如不"。 Onemayaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitbutimperfectly. 39"haveonlytodo"结构,此结构表示"只须(消)就能"的意思。 WehaveonlytoturntothatextraordinarydiscoverymadebyEdisontoseethesignificanceofit. 40"not(no)unless"句型 Noincreaseinoutputcanbeexpectedunlessanewassemblylineisinstalled. 41"betterthan"句型 Bettermylifeshouldbeendedbytheirhate,thanthathatedlifeshouldbeprolongedtolivewithoutyourlove. 42"asitwere"是一个非常常用的插入语,意思是"好象","可以说"等。 Apieceofironnearamagnet,thoughapparentlyseparatefromit,feels,asitwere,thethreadsofthisattachment. 43复杂结构,在下面例句中,由于anyone的定语从句过长,把谓语mustrealize提到定语从句之前。 Thoughfaithandconfidencearesurelymoreorlassforeigntomynature,Idonotinfrequentlyfindmyselflookingtothemtobeable,diligent,candid,andevenhonest.Plainlyenough,thatistoolargeanorder,asanyonemustrealizewhoreflectsuponthemannerinwhichtheyreachpublicoffice. 44"notanymorethan"为:"不能,正如不能"。 Onecannotlearntosketchandexpresshimselfgraphicallyonlybyreadingaboutitanymorethanonecanlearntoswimwhilestandingbythepool. 45"Bythatasitmay"是"Letitbethatasitmay"的省略形式,是由"be"引起的另外一种假设结构,意思是"虽然如此,尽管这样"。 Itissaidthatthenervepoisonisthemoreprimitiveofthetwo,thatthebloodpoisonis,sotospeak,anewproductfromanimprovedformula.Bethatasitmay,thenervepoisondoesitsbusinesswithmanfarmorequicklythanthebloodpoison. 46"ifatall"是一个由"if"引起的主谓结构不完整的短句结为"即将","即使"等。 Icanseeonlywithgreatdifficulty,ifatall. 47由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构. Therehavebeenopeneduptothevastandexcellentscience,inwhichmyworkisthebeginning,waysandmeansbywhichothermindsmoreaccuratethanwinewillexploreitsremotecorners. 48"rangefromto"结构。这是一个常见结构,译时很多情况下应变通处理,不能完全依靠辞典上的释义。 Computerapplicationsrangefromanassemblylinecompletelyrunbycomputerstoachildrentoyrespondingtoremotesignals. - 49"theway"结构 Ialwaysthoughtshewasacommon-sensepersonwhodiscussedthingsthewaytheyoughttobediscussed. 50复杂宾补结构 Inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofsensitiveandaccuratemeasuringequipmenthasmadeitpossibletomeasuretheacuityofhearingofanyindividualatdifferentfrequencies. 51某些分隔结构 1)动词短语相关部分被分隔(当"makeuseof","takenoticeof","payattentionto", 等动词短语变成被动语态时)。 Useismadeofsolarenergyinheatinghouses. 2)双重定语引起的分隔。 Butthereisofcultureanotherview,inwhichnotsolelythescientificpassion,thesheerdesiretoseethingsastheyare,naturalandproperinanintelligentbeing,appearsasthegroundofit. 52"tobedoingwhen"是一个句型,多译为"某人正在做时,突然"。在简单的句子中容易看出,一旦句子变得复杂一些,可能就不太容易识别这种句型。 Shesaidsheandafriendhadgoneouttodinnerthatnight,andwerewalkinghometogetheratabout10oclock,whena"verybig,verytallman",accostedthemanddemandedtheirpurses. 53"tooto"句型 ThenIrememberedhowoftenI,too,hadbeenindifferenttothegrandeurofeachday,toopreoccupiedwithpettyandsometimesevenmeanconcernstorespondtothesplendorofitall. 54"somuchthat"句型 ButhedevelopedgraduallyaverymusicalEnglish.Helearnttowritesentencesthatfallawayontheearwithamistylanguoranditdelightedhimsomuchthathecouldneverhaveenoughofit. 55"when"引导状语从句有时并不好译,不能一看到when从句就考虑译为"当的时候",它还有许多种译法。 Anythingisbetterthannottowriteclearly.Thereisnothingtobesaidagainstlucidity,andagainstsimplicityonlythepossibilityofdryness.Thisisariskthatiswellworthtakingwhenyoureflecthowmuchbetteritistobeboldthantowearacurlywig. 56"notbecause",有时可否定前面,有时可否定because本身,往往出现歧义。应根据上下文面判定。 In1600theearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniversebecausethemajoritythensupposeditwas;nor,becauseshehadmorereaders,wasEllawheelerWilcoxabetterpoetthanFatherHopkins. 57"sothat,suchthat"是一个普通的句型,但在同一个句子里有两处使用它却比较少见。 Thetruthis,thatinonepointofview,thismatterofnationalliteraturehascometosuchapasswithus,thatinsomesensewemustturnbullies,elsethedayislost,orsuperioritysofarbeyondus,thatwecanhardlysayitwilleverbeours. 58"bydoing"结构。这个结构的意思是"通过(做)",但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义,不少情况下需要灵活变通。 Thehippos,bydepositingdunginthewater,fedthefishthatsupportthestorksthatdestroytheraretrees. - 59下面例句为一倒装句,主语很长,而且又含有非常复杂的句型。这是以形容词作表语的倒装,翻译实践中多把倒装部分译到最前面。 Nolessobviousisthefacttherearegreatnumbersofpeoplesoconstitutedorsobroughtupthattheycannotgetsomuchpleasureoutofprocessesandexperiencesresultinginapoorerlifelessfullofmeaning. 60"whatof"句型 IcannotsayofmyselfwhatJohnsonsaidofPope:Heneverpassedafaultunamendedbyindifference,norquitteditbydespair.IdonotwriteasIdo;IwriteasIcan. 61英语的一个习惯用法是:当否定谓语think(believe)时,实际上是否定其后面的宾语从句。否定就落在宾语从句上。这样宾语从句就变成了双重否定,译时可以按双重否定译,也可按肯定来译。 Itisavaluablework.Idonotthinkanyonewritessowellthathecannotlearnmuchfromit. 62"tohavenot(as)tosee"中的不定式也有否定意味。 Hehadnotthegoodbreedingtoseethatsimplicityandnaturalnessarethetruestmarksofdistinction. 63"Itoccurredtosb.that"意为"突然想到","Itdawnedonsb.that"."突然想起"等。从句是想起的内容。 Irememberoncebeingonabusandlookingatastranger.Hesuddenlylookedbackatme-i.e.oureyesmet.Myinstinctivereactionwastoavertmygaze.ItoccurredtomethatifIhadcontinuedtomaintaineyecontact,Iwouldhavebeenrudeandaggressive. 64"Itfollowsthat"="Ithappensasaresult"常常被译为"由此可见","因此","从前","可以推断"等等。 Itfollowsthatthehousewifewillalsoexpecttobeabletohavemoreleisureinherlifewithoutloweringherstandardofliving.Italsofollowsthathumandomesticservantswillhavecompletelyceasedtoexist. 65"thatsallthereistoit",意思是"也不过如此而已"。可根据上下文视情况处理。 IfImtouched,Imtouched-thatsallthereistoit. 66"Thechancesarethat"是一句型,译为"有可能"。 Thechancesareyouwillneverattemptthatspeedwithpoetryorwanttoracethoughsomepassagesinfictionoverwhichyouwishtolinger. 67Feel,see,leave引起宾语的宾语补足语,或在被动语态中引起主语补足语的某些惯用句型,有时see和feel这两个词的被动式不大好译。遇到这种情况应挖掘其深层含义,不要拘泥于表面形式。 Theeducationoftheyoungisseentobeofprimaryimportance. 68某此以no,nowhere,never,notbout,notany,nothingbut,hardly,scarcely,seldom等否定词语引出的一些结构。 InevergopastthetheatrebutIthinkofhislastperformance. 69某些用choicebetween,toknowbetter,whetheror,shouldhaveavoided(或donebetter)等表示从两种做法中选取一种更好的做法 Thenwearefacedwithachoicebetweenusingtechnologytoprovideandfulfilneedswhichhavehithertobeenregardedasunnecessaryor,ontheotherhand,usingtechnologytoreducethenumberofhoursofworkwhichamanmustdoinordertoearnagivenstandardoflibing. 70某些省略情况,应清单确认省略的内容。 Thecountryhadgrownrich,itscommercewaslarge,andwealthdiditsnaturalworkinmakinglifesofterandmoreworldly,commerceindeprovincializingthemindsofthoseengagedinit. 71修饰成分(包括定语、定语从句、同位语从句等)多而长。 AcrossthecourtfromtheManhattanapartmentthatIhaveoccupiedforthepastfewyearsisadogthatoftenhurlsinsultsintothedarkness,afewofwhichmydogrefusestoacceptandmakesatartreply. 72一些外位语,所谓外位修饰,指从句子结构和内容上不起主要信息表达功能的部分。其作用是从语气和连接上下文等方面进行补充。在翻译成汉语时,往往可独立成句,外形上不保留修饰的痕迹。 Ofcourse,nobodywashurtthistime,becausewehadallbeentodinner,noneofusbeingnovicesexceptingHastings;andhehavingbeeninformedbytheministeratthetimethatheinvitedhimthatindeferencetotheEnglishcustomthehadnotprovidedanydinner.