(完整word版)心内科知识点(附件).pdf
1 1 心脏触诊的主要内容及临床意义?答:(1)心尖搏动及心前区搏动。确定心尖搏动位置。心尖区抬举性搏动为左室肥厚的体征。胸骨左下缘收缩期抬举样搏动是右室肥厚的可靠指征。(2)震颤心前区震颤的临床意义部位时相常见疾病胸骨右缘第 2 肋间收缩期主动脉瓣狭窄胸骨左缘第 2 肋间收缩期肺动脉瓣狭窄胸骨左缘 3-4 肋间收缩期室间隔缺损胸骨左缘第 2 肋间连续性动脉导管未闭心尖区舒张期二尖瓣狭窄心尖区收缩期重度二尖瓣关闭不全(3)心包摩擦感是由于急性心包炎时心包膜纤维素渗出致表面粗糙,心脏收缩时脏层与壁层心包摩擦感产生的振动传至胸壁所致。2.正常心浊音界及心浊音界改变的临床意义?答:正常成人心脏相对浊音界见下表右界(cm)肋间左界(cm)2323233.54.53456792(左锁骨中线距胸骨中线为810cm)心浊音界改变及临床意义:(1)心脏以外因素:可造成心脏移位或心浊音界改变。一侧大量胸腔积液或气胸可使心界移向健侧;一侧胸膜粘连、增厚与肺不张使心界移向患侧;大量腹水或腹腔巨大肿瘤导致横膈抬高、(原创:叁肆伍叁柒捌壹壹玖)心脏横位,可使心界向左增大;肺气肿时心浊音界变小。(2)心脏本身病变:左心室增大:心浊音界向左下扩大,心腰加深,心界似靴形,常见于主动脉瓣关闭不全或高血压性心脏病等;右心室增大:显著增大时,心界向左右两侧扩大,以向左增大为主,但不向下增大。常见于肺心病或单纯二尖瓣狭窄等;左右心室增大:心浊音界向两侧增大,且左界向左下增大,称普大型,常见扩张型心肌病等;左心房增大或合并肺动脉段扩大:左房显著增大时,胸骨左缘第 3 肋间心浊音界增大,心腰消失;当两者均增大时,心腰更为丰满或膨出,心界如梨形,常见于二尖瓣狭窄,故又称二尖瓣型心;升主动脉瘤或主动脉扩张:胸骨右缘第1、2 肋间浊音界增宽,常伴收缩期搏动;心包积液:心界向两侧扩大,可随体位而改变,坐位时呈三角形烧瓶样,卧位时心底部浊音区增宽。3.舒张期的额外心音及其临床意义?答:(1)奔马律:是心肌严重损害、心功能不全的体征,分为:文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D83 舒张早期奔马律:提示有严重器质性心脏病,常见于心室扩张、收缩性心力衰竭,如扩张型心肌病、急性心肌梗死、重症心肌炎等。舒张晚期奔马律:多见于舒张末压增高、舒张性心力衰竭,如高血压性心脏病、肥厚型心肌病、冠心病、主动脉瓣狭窄等。重叠性奔马律:常见心肌病或心力衰竭。(2)开瓣音:又称二尖瓣开放拍击音,见于二尖瓣狭窄患者,并且是二尖瓣瓣叶弹性及活动尚好的间接指标,是二尖瓣分离术适应证的重要参考条件。(3)心包叩击音:见于缩窄性心包炎。(4)肿瘤扑落音:见于心房粘液瘤。4.心脏杂音的产生机制及强度分级?答:(1)产生机制:正常血流呈层流状态,在血流加速、瓣膜口狭窄(二尖瓣狭窄、主动脉瓣狭窄等)、瓣膜关闭不全(器质性或相对性关闭不全)、异常血流通道(室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等)、心腔异常结构(心室内乳头肌、腱索断裂等)、血管管径异常(大血管瘤样扩张等)等情况下,可使层流转变为湍流或漩涡而冲击心壁、大血管壁、瓣膜、腱索等使之振动而在相应部位产生杂音。(2)杂音强度分级级响度听诊特点震颤1 最轻很弱,须仔细听,易被忽略无2轻度较易听到,杂音柔和无3中度明显的杂音无4响亮杂音响亮有5很响杂音很强,向周围甚者背部传导明显文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D84 6最响杂音震耳,即使听诊器稍离开胸壁也听得到强烈5.心电图各波段的正常值范围?答:(1)P 波:形态一般钝圆形,P 波方向在、aVF、V4V6 导联向上,aVR 导联向下,余导联呈双向、倒置或低平均可。时间小于0.12s。振幅在肢体导联一般小于0.25mV,胸导联一般小于 0.2mV。(2)PR 间期:0.12 0.20s。(3)QRS 波群:时间:多数在 0.06-0.10s。波形和振幅:V1、V2 导联多呈 rS 型,Rv11.0mV,V5、V6 导联以 R 波为主,Rv52.5mV,V1V6 导联 R 波逐渐增高,S 波逐渐变小,V3V4 导联 R/S 1。肢体导联 I、导联一般主波向上,aVR 导联主波向下,aVL、aVF 导联可呈 R 波为主,也可呈 rS 型。RaVR0.5mV,RI1.5mV,RaVL1.2mV,RaVF2.0mV。Q 波:除 aVR 导联外,正常人的Q 波时间 0.04s,振幅小于同导联R 波的 1/4。(4)ST 段:正常多为一等电位线,ST 下移一般 0.05mV,ST 段上抬在 V1V2 导联不超过 0.3mV,V3 导联不超过 0.5mV,其他导联不超过0.1mV。(5)T 波:方向,T 波方向与 QRS 主波方向一致。振幅:除、aVL、aVF、V1V3 导联外,其他导联T 波振幅一般不低于同导联R 波的 1/10。(6)QT 间期:正常范围 0.32 0.44s,QTc为 0.44s。6 心肌梗死心电图的定位和动态演变?文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D85(1)定位心肌梗死的心电图定位诊断心肌梗死部位出现梗死图形的导联前间壁V1V3前壁V3、V4(V5)高侧壁I、aVF前侧壁V5、V6下壁、aVF广泛前壁V1V6、I、aVL后壁V7V9右室V3RV5R(2)动态演变超急性期(超急性损伤期):心肌梗死发生数分钟后,ST段呈斜型抬高,与高耸直立T 波相连。急性期(充分发展期):心肌梗死后数小时或数日,可持续数周,出现异常Q 波,ST 段弓背向上抬高,可呈单向曲线,T 波倒置。近期(亚急性期):梗死后数周至数月,抬高的 ST 段恢复至基线,缺血性 T 波由倒置较深逐渐变浅。陈旧期(愈合期(原创:叁肆伍叁柒捌壹壹玖):梗死后数月至数年,ST 段和 T 波恢复正常或有异常改变,趋向恒定不变,残留坏死型的Q 波。7.心衰的基本病因和常见诱因有哪些?(1)基本病因:文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D86 心肌病变:心肌收缩功能障碍包括心肌结构损害、心肌代谢障碍;心肌舒张功能障碍:心肌肥厚。负荷过重:压力负荷过重(后负荷);容量负荷过重(前负荷)。(2)诱因:感染:肺部感染、上呼吸道感染、IE。心律失常:房颤最多见。水、电解质紊乱。妊娠、输液、盐过多过快。过度劳累。环境、气候急剧变化。治疗不当:洋地黄用量不足。高动力循环:严重贫血、甲亢。肺栓塞。原有心脏病加重。8.慢性心力衰竭的临床表现有哪些?(1)左心功能不全症状:表现为肺淤血,从进行性劳力性呼吸困难?夜间阵发性呼吸困难?端坐呼吸?急性肺水肿,患者可以有咳嗽、咳痰、咯血,还可伴疲劳、乏力、神志异常,甚至少尿、肾功能损害。体征:原心脏病体征外,还有心率增快,可闻及奔马律和第二心音亢进,两肺底湿啰音(下垂部位)、哮鸣音。(2)右心功能不全症状:为体循环淤血的表现如纳差、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、上腹胀痛、黄疸、夜尿增多。文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D87 体征:颈静脉充盈、肝脏肿大、肝颈静脉回流征阳性,水肿,紫绀。9.目前慢性收缩性心衰的治疗常规?并简述每类药物的作用机制,常用药物及其应用原则?治疗常规:按心功能NYHA 分级:级:控制危险因素;ACE 抑制剂。级:ACE抑制剂;利尿剂;b-受体阻滞剂;用或不用地高辛。级:ACE抑制剂;利尿剂;b-受体阻滞剂;地高辛。级:ACE抑制剂;利尿剂;地高辛;醛固酮受体拮抗剂;病情稳定后谨慎用b-受体阻滞剂。药物治疗:(1)利尿药机制:降低心脏前负荷。分类:排钾类和保钾类速尿:排钾类,快速、强效;静脉、口服,用于急性和重度心功能不全;注意低钾、低血压;DHCT:排钾类,口服,较缓和;注意低钾、高血糖、尿酸增高、血脂异常安体舒通:保钾类,口服,更缓慢;注意高钾,排钾类和保钾类可联用,小剂量间断用。注意:防止电解质紊乱(低钾、低钠等)。常用制剂:排钾利尿剂:氢氯噻嗪(hydrochlorothiazid,双氢克尿塞),口服 2550mg,23 次/d;呋塞米(furosemide,速尿),口服或肌注,20mg,23 次/d,亦可静脉注射,属于强效利尿剂。保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯(spironlactone,安体舒通)口服 20mg,3 次/d(2)扩血管剂机制:扩张动、静脉,降低心脏前后负荷。类型:扩张动脉、扩张静脉、扩张动静脉。文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y5O8D8文档编码:CK2O1F8G8E10 HE9H2V2I7O2 ZC4Z4Y