初中英语语法大全[知识点总结可打印].pdf

英语语法大全英语语法大全初 中 英 语 语 法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1 1、词类：英语词类分十种：、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词名词(n n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orangeorange.2、代词代词(pron.pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it.who,she,you,it.3、形容词形容词(adj.adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orangegood,right,white,orange.4、数词数词(numnum.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词动词(v.v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.am,is,are,have,see.6、副词副词(adv.adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词冠词(art.art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.a,an,the.8、介词介词(prep.prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in,on,from,above,in,on,from,above,behind.behind.9、连词连词(conj.conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before.and,but,before.10、感叹词感叹词(interj.interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.oh,well,hi,hello.2 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I Im Miss Green.m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleansJack cleansthe room every day.the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping.My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter.He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me.He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city.Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard.He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usuallyThey usuallykeepkeep theirtheir classroomclassroom clean.clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/HeHe oftenoften helpshelps meme dodo mymylessons.lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/TheThe teacherteacher wantedwanted meme to to learnlearn FrenchFrench allall bybymyselfmyself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：WhereWhere is is youryour classmateclassmateTom?Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)3 3、构词法：、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法：如：spaceship,headache,basketball,playgroundspaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名词：动词+er/orer/or 动词+inging 动词+(t)ion(t)ion 形容词+nessness 其他,如：inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledgeinventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge(2)派生形容词：名词+y y 名词+fulful 动词+ing/eding/ed friendlyfriendly dangerousdangerous ChineseChinese;JapaneseJapanese EnglishEnglish FrenchFrench GermanGerman 国名+(i)an(i)an 如：snowy,sunny,snowy,sunny,hopeful,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,dailybeautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious,nervous,delicious(3)派生副词：形容词+ly 其它,如：slowly,angrily,fullslowly,angrily,fullfully,goodfully,goodwell,possiblewell,possiblepossiblypossibly 等等。3、转换法：(1)形容词动词,如：drydry(干燥的)drydry(弄干),cleanclean(干净的)cleanclean(打扫,弄干净),等等。(2)动词名词,如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talklook,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk等等。(3)名词动词,如：handhand(手)(传递),faceface(脸)(面对)等等。(4)形容词副词,如：earlyearlyearly,fastearly,fastfastfast 等等。(5)副词连词,如：whenwhen(什么时候)(当时候),等等。(6)介词副词,如：inin(到里)(在里面；在家),onon(在上)(进行,继续),等等。二、名词：1 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1 1、专有名词、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Beijing,Tom,the Peoples Republic of ChinaTom,the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词 thethe。如：thethe GreatGreat WallWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greensthe Greens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orangebox,child,orange；不可数名词不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,population,water,news,oil,population,information.information.2 2、英语可数名词的单复数：、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加 s s。如：mapmapmaps,boymaps,boyboys,horseboys,horsehorses,tablehorses,tabletables.tables.s,o,x,sh,chs,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的词加 eses.如：classclassclasses,boxclasses,boxboxes,heroboxes,heroheroes,dishheroes,dishdishes,dishes,benchbenchbenches.benches.注注：少数以 o o 结尾的词,变复数时只加 s s。如：photophotophotos,pianophotos,pianopianos.pianos.以辅音字母加 y y 结尾的名词,变 y y 为 i i,再加 es。如：familyfamilyfamilies,cityfamilies,citycities,partycities,partyparties.parties.以 f f 或 fe fe 结尾的名词,变 f f 或 fe fe 为 v v,再加 eses。如：shelfshelfshelves,shelves,wolfwolfwolves,wolves,lifelifelives,knifelives,knifeknives.knives.2、不规则变化：manmanmen,womanmen,womanwomen,sheepwomen,sheepsheep,toothsheep,toothteeth,fishteeth,fishfish,childfish,childchildren,oxchildren,oxoxen,gooseoxen,goosegeesegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricea bag of ricetwotwobagsbags ofof rice,rice,a a piecepiece ofof paperpaperthreethree piecespieces ofof paper,paper,a a bottlebottle ofof milkmilkfivefive bottlesbottles ofofmilk.milk.3 3、名词所有格：、名词所有格：1、名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加 s。如：ChildernsChilderns DayDay(儿童节),mymysisters booksisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以 s s 或 eses 结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers DTeachers Dayay(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s s.如：todaystodays newspaper newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutesten minutes break break(十分钟的课间休息),ChinasChinas population population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词 ofof 短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Partya fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解注解：s s 还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my auntsmy aunts(我阿姨家),the doctorsthe doctors(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and BsA and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and LilysLucy and Lilys bedroom bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+of+名词所有格名词所有格/名词性物主代词”名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格称为双重所有格,如：如：a friend of mya friend of my fathersfathers(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend of minea friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)TheThewater in the glass is very cold.water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如 family,class,team,group,row,police,schoolfamily,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：ClassClass ThreeThree havehave a a mapmap ofofChinaChina.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Chinese,Japanese,Japanese,fish,fish,sheep,sheep,peoplepeople 等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the/There are some sheep in theyard.yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,newsmaths,news 等虽然有 s s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,glovesglasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousersThe trousersareareveryverycheap and I want to take them.cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot ofa lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot ofA lot ofstudentsstudentsareare playingplayingbaseballbaseball now.now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A A lotlot ofof timetime waswaswasted on that work.wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、andand 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples nowThe teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fish and chipsFish and chipsis isvery famous foodvery famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、there bethere be 句型中bebe的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairsThere is a table and four chairsin the roomin the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用 bothandbothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：BothBoth youyou andand I Iarearerequired to be here tomorrowrequired to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有 withwith 的短语时,谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物决定。如：A woman with aA woman with a7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheroreitheror或者 neithernorneithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/Neither/Neitheryou noryou norI Iamamgoinggoingtherethere.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is notTwo months is nota short timea short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distanceTwo thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有 half of/half of/(three quarters)(three quarters)of/all(of)the.of/all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/A/A third ofthird of thethe students werestudents were playing nearplaying near thethelake.lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/All/All ofof thethe waterwater inin thesethese rivers has beenrivers has beenpollutedpolluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,populationpopulation 一词又有特殊情况：WhatWhat s the population of China?s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/ThreeThree quartersquarters ofof thethe populationpopulation inin thisthis citycity areare ArabsArabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)5 5、部分名词用法辨析：、部分名词用法辨析：1、sportsport、gamegame、matchmatch、racerace 的区别：sportsport 通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；gamegame 意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；matchmatch 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；racerace 主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The 2008 Olympic/The 2008 OlympicGamesGames willwill bebe heldheld inin Beijing.Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/OurOur schoolschoolfootballfootball teamteam wonwon thethe leagueleague matchmatch(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/TheyTheywere strong and won the boat race.were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festivalfestival、holidayholiday、vacationvacation 的区别：festivalfestival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holidayholiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacationvacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai TelevisionThe Shanghai TelevisionFestival will be held next month.Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sunday is a holiday and/Sunday is a holiday andmostmost peoplepeople dodo notnot work.work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/WhatWhat areare youyou goinggoing to to dododuring the summer vacation/holidays?during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journeyjourney、tourtour、triptrip、traveltravel 的区别：journeyjourney 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tourtour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；triptrip 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；traveltravel 多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：HeHe mademade upup hishis mindmind to maketo make thethe journeyjourney to to DunhuangDunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking tour.has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)/He took several trips to Shanghai/He took several trips to Shanghailastlast yeaar.yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/DidDid youyou gogo to to SantiagoSantiago(圣地亚哥)duringduring youryourtravels?travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)/TravellingTravelling throughthrough thickthick forestsforests is isdangerous.dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、soundsound、noisenoise、voicevoice 的区别：soundsound 指各种声音；noisenoise 主要指“噪音”；voicevoice 指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry./All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold/The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fishfish 的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fishfish,单复数相同；fishesfishes 指许多种类的鱼；fishfish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/I prefer fish to meat/I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)三、代词：1 1、代词的分类：、代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。2 2、人称代词：、人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。第第一人一人 第第 二二 人人阳阳 性性阴阴称单数称单数称称 单单 数数复数复数主主格格宾宾格格I(我)me(我)you(你)you(你)he(他)him(他)she(她)her(她)it(它)it(她)we(我们)us(我们)复数复数you(你们)you(你们)they(他们,她们,它们)them(他们,她们,它们)性性中中性性人人称称人人称称第三第三 人称复人称复 数数第第三三人人称称单单数数第第一一第第二二1、主格主格用来作句子的主语、表语主语、表语。如：I often go shopping on Sundays.I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物)/Are they from Brazil?/Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗？)/Where have they gone?/Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了？)/Thats/Thatsit.it.(就那么回事)/Its/Itshe!he!(是他！)2、宾格宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)/Help me!/Help me!(救救我！)/We often write letters/We often write lettersto toher.her.(我们常给他写信)3、人称代词人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than 或 as 之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：-Who is it?-Who is it?(是谁？)ItsItsI/me.I/me.(是我。)4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“youheI”的顺序表达。如：Both he and I are working at that computer companyBoth he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班)Who will go thereWho will go there?(谁要去那儿？)You and meYou and me.(你和我)5、人称代词 it it 除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：-WhatsWhats thethe weatherweather likelike today?today?(今天天气怎样？)It Its sfine.fine.(天气晴好)/-/-Whats the time?Whats the time?(几点啦？)It Its 12s 12：00.00.(12 点)/It/Its a long way tos a long way togo.go.(那可要走好长的路)/It took him three days to clean his house./It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间)/It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into/It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go intospace.space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)/We found it very difficult to/We found it very difficult tolearn a foreign language welllearn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)3 3、物主代词：、物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第第一人一人 第第 二二 人人阳阳 性性阴阴 性性中中 性性称复称复称单数称单数称称 单单 数数数数形容形容my词性词性(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我们的)名词名词mine性性(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我们的)your(你们的)yours(你们的)theirs(他们的,她们的,它们的)their(他们的,她们的,它们的)称复数称复数第第三三人人称称单单数数第一人第一人第二人第二人第第 三三 人人 称称 复复 数数1 1、形容词性物主代词、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如：Is that your umbrella?Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗？)/I often go to see my aunt on Sundays./I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨)/They are their books/They are their books.(是他们的书)2 2、名词性物主代词、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以千万不可以跟名词。如：ThisThis is is youryour cup,butcup,but wherewhere is is mine?mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿？)/YourYourclassroom is very big,but ours is rather smallclassroom is very big,but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)3 3、“ofof+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterdayA friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了)(指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)试比较试比较 My friend came to see me yesterdayMy friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)4 4、反身代词：、反身代词：表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。第第一人一人 第第 二二 人人第第称单数称单数称称 单单 数数阳阳myselfmyselfyourselfyourself三三人人称称单单数数第第 一一 人人 称称性性复数复数ourselvesourselves第第 二二 人人 称称第三第三 人称复人称复 数数性性阴阴性性中中itselfitself复数复数yourselvesyourselvesthemselvesthemselveshimselfhimselfherselfherself(我自己我自己)(你自己你自己)(他自己他自己)(她自己她自己)(它自己它自己)(我们自己我们自己)(你们自己你们自己)(他们他们/她们她们/它们自己它们自己)1、反身代词反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如：Dont play with the knife,you might hurtDont play with the knife,you might hurtyourself.yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如：The story itself is good.The story itself is good.Only he didnt tell it well.Only he di