医药学专业英语.pdf

药药英英 语语-1-学学Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1Lesson 1Pharmacy in ChinaPharmacy in China Lesson 2Lesson 2VitaminsVitamins Lesson 3Lesson 3Foods That Fight CancerFoods That Fight Cancer Lesson 4Lesson 4 Good Drugs Dangerous DosesGood Drugs Dangerous DosesA growing threat to public and personal healthA growing threat to public and personal healthLesson 5Lesson 5 Green PharmacyGreen Pharmacy Herbal Medicine Herbal Medicine Lesson 6Lesson 6Traditional ChineseTraditional ChineseHerbal Medicine Herbal Medicine.Lesson 7Lesson 7Natural ProductsNatural Products-2-LESSON ONELESSON ONETEXTTEXTPharmacy in ChinaPharmacy in ChinaThe educational system was perhaps the first shock I encountered in China.The schools of pharmacy in the People s Republic of China(PRC)are operatedby two different governmental agencies.The State Pharmaceutical Administration,an agency of the central government,operates two pharmaceutical universitiesthat have 4000 and 4500 students respectively.These two schools,in Shenyang inNortheast China and in Nanjing in East China,exist to prepare industrialpharmacists for positions within the pharmaceutical industry.In addition,another approximately 50 colleges of pharmacy throughout thevarious provinces of the PRC are operated by the Ministry of Public Health.There,colleges of pharmacy are almost equally divided between western medicineoriented schools1and those which teach future pharmacists the art and skills ofChinese herbal medicine.Most of the western medicine oriented schools aredepartments within large medical faculties where the traditional Chinese Medicineschools are sometimes found at medical faculties.SIMILAR TO THE U.SIMILAR TO THE U.S.S.The next surprise was that the curricula at the colleges of pharmacy in Chinawere not so different from those encountered by pharmacy students in the U.S.Infact,the American student would probably be pleased to learn that the state boardexamination2prevalent here does not exist in China;rather,graduation andsuccessful completion of studies enable one to become a fully qualified andregistered pharmacy practitioner.Furthermore,recent graduates have moreoptions in seeking employment than those who were usually assigned to anemployment site based on existing needs of state-run pharmaceutical enterprises.The guided search for employment upon graduation is one of the major changesin Chinas higher education,embraced by most college graduates.Virtually all of the graduates of the two pharmaceutical universities operatedbytheStatePharmaceuticalAdministrationareemployedwithinthe-3-pharmaceutical industry.Graduates of the other schools of pharmacy generally find employment inhospitals and clinics.You are probably asking:“What about community pharmacy3?”Well,theanswer is that people usually receive medical care in clinics at their place ofemployment,within various neighborhood health centers,or as outpatients atlarge hospitals.All of these sites employ pharmacists who dispense drugs.Therefore,it is not often that a patient needs to go to a community pharmacy shopto obtain medications.EAST AND WESTMost of the community pharmacies have two departments or two areas,andthis is also the case in hospitals and clinics.On one side of the pharmacy we findsomething which very much resembles any pharmacy that we would see in the U.S.or in Western Europe;but on the other side of the room,or in the next room,isa strange sight-drawers and drawers of herbs and items such as dried portions ofsmall animals,antlers,roots,and pieces of various other dried objects.These arecompounded by specialists in traditional Chinese medicine;powders are made,for swallowing by patients.It is easy for us to laugh at this latter type of therapy,but it retains its faithfulfollowers and is considered to be equal in importance to the western drugs andwestern medicine practiced in China.If one chooses to purchase a drug and does not feel the need to visit thephysician at a clinic,one can go to the several community pharmacies which arelocated on the main shopping streets in downtown areas and ask for drugs.Virtually all drugs except narcotics and other scheduled substances4are legallyavailable without a prescription.The patient may walk into the pharmacy and askfor ampicillin by name and be sold a small bottle containing 12,16 or 24capsules.Or he may ask the pharmacist to recommend an antibiotic for a child with aninfection,sore throat,etc.While this is rather unusual in our American orientation,it was not acomplete surprise to me,as I have seen Rx drugs5 being sold over-the-counter inmany parts of the world.I admit,though,that I was curious about the potential for-4-abuse.I was assured by numerous individuals that the Chinese population hadbetter things to spend their money on than taking needless drugs,and that therewas a minimal if not almost non-existent chemical dependency problem6.SCOPE OF SPASCOPE OF SPASomething ought to be said about the State Pharmaceutical Administration(SPA)which was mentioned earlier.It is a combination of the Food and DrugAdministration,the entire pharmaceutical industry,research laboratories,pilotfactories7 and educational institutions-all rolled into one.The Beijing-based SPA is a huge unit within the central government.SPAoperates thousands of pharmaceutical factories and dictates production schedules8.It arranges contracts for raw materials and intermediate products9and alsonegotiates for the sale of finished dosage forms to the pharmacies and for export.Other divisions maintain quality control and quality assurance while yetother divisions oversee SPAs two massive pharmaceutical universities as well astheir on campus pilot plants used for training and for the production of drugs forclinical trials.The SPA also has a technology branch which conducts research intoimproving production techniques and evaluating new technology.During the three-week visit,I gave about a dozen lectures.At many of them,questions about American pharmacy practice were asked.Perhaps the mostdifficult concept for my Chinese colleagues to grasp was that of Americansdeciding individually to move to another part of the country-to quit their jobs,return to school,accept employment elsewhere,or whatever the reason might be.When I mentioned anything of this nature,I was deluged with questions whichbasically asked what would happen if ones supervisor refused to grant permissionto leave ones job.This says something about the employment situation in thePRC.My audiences were stunned when I indicated that one need only give somenotice if there is not a formal contract,as a courtesy,and to select freely anotherplace of employment.SPARTAN,BUT SIMILARSPARTAN,BUT SIMILARDespite the rather spartan conditions found at most pharmacy operations inhospitals and clinics,the work was similar to what we do in that nearly all of the-5-products were prefabricated at the factory,including most of the traditionalremedies.The pharmacists generally dispensed already manufactured capsules,tablets or powders.Powders were seen more frequently than they are here,but thebulk of the medication was,as it is here,in tablet dosage forms.Most of my Chinese colleagues were professionally well informed,reasonably happy with their jobs,and optimistic about the future.Nearly all of the persons I encountered were enthusiastic and positive abouttheir profession and its future.There is a Chinese Pharmaceutical Association which has its headquarters inBeijing and branches in most other cities and provinces.These groups get together,discuss professional matters,and often publish journals and newsletters.The Association receives a subsidy or support from the national government.Interest was shown in social pharmacy,clinical pharmacy and pharmacymanagement,as these subjects are not presently taught at the colleges ofpharmacy within the PRC.It was my impression,however,that pharmaceutics,biopharmaceutics,medicinal chemistry and pharmacology are similar to what istaught and known in this country.MONTHLY WMONTHLY W AGE:$70AGE:$70In the 1980s,pharmacist earns about$70 per month,an amount that enablesone to live reasonably comfortably.Rents are minimal;only a few dollars permonth pays for a typical small apartment.Nearly all of the urban populationresides in that type of housing.Transportation on buses costs only about a dime a ride,but most peopleappear to use bicycles as their principal means of conveyance.A sight I foundinteresting was a parking lot with bicycles arranged in neat rows for as far as theeye could see-similar to the huge automobile parking lots in the U.S.It costsabout two pennies to park a bicycle for a day.Most of the other needs arerelatively inexpensive,although the cost of food is increasing.The Chinese pharmacists I met appeared well dressed and there is an everincreasing variety of clothing styles,colors and designs.Health care is consideredgood and the status of the pharmacist is at least equal to that accords topharmacists in this country.The possibility exists for greater interprofessional relationships.Reason:so-6-much of pharmacy is practiced in institutional settings where other health carepractitioners function in close coordination with the pharmacist.A large number of the people I met in pharmacy circles had been to the U.S.at one time or another for postgraduate studies,short training classes orprofessional visits.I was convinced that the warm reception I received was due in part to thefond memories that many of these people had about their kind reception byAmerican families and pharmacists while they visited the U.S.The trip was indeed fascinating and an eye opener.I recommend that my colleagues take such a voyage after they have passed atest in the use of chopsticks,as knives and forks are unavailable at many places.In reflecting about the visit after coming home,I once again came to theconclusion that we are very fortunate with the resources,appliances and statusthat we have as a profession in the U.S.WORDS AND EXPRESSIONSpharmacy n.药学；药店pharmaceutical adj.制药(学)上的 药学的；药用的pharmacist n.药剂师，药商；a s 药房orientedadj.导向的；以 目的的；重视的herbal adj.草的；草药的curriculum n.学校的全部课程，（一门）课程prevalent adj.普遍的；流行的option n.选择权enterprise n.企业；公司embrace vi.拥抱n.拥抱 拥抱，接受outpatientn.门诊病人an clinic门诊所dispense vt.分发,分配；(尤指按处方)配（药）、发（药）medication药物；药物治疗antler n.鹿角,茸角鹿角therapy n.治疗，-7-n.疗法retain vt.保持,保留narcotic n.麻醉剂；催眠药prescription n.药方，处方ampicillin n.氨苄青霉素orientation n.定向位，方向位，熟悉，适应minimal adj.最低限度的，最小的dictate v.命令，支配intermediate adj.中间的negotiate v.谈判；解决dosage n.剂量,用量assurancen.保证；自信oversee v.监督/视；检查massive adj.规模巨大的；大剂量的on-campus adj.校园内的clinicaladj.8临床的deluge v.淹没；泛滥supervisor n.主管人stun vt.使大吃一惊；不知所措courtesyn.礼貌；好意Spartan adj.简朴的prefabricate v.预制；预先构想remedy n.治疗(法),药物capsule n.胶囊tablet n.药片powder n.药粉，粉剂bulk n.大批（量）；大部分newsletter n.业务通讯subsidy n.津贴pharmaceutics n.制药学，药剂学biopharmaceutics 复 n.生物制药学，生物药剂学pharmacologyn.药理学，药物学reside vi.居住dime n.一角；很少的钱conveyance n.交通工具accord vt.给予，使一致interprofessional adj.专业之间的；职业之间的institutional adj.公共机构的setting n.环境coordinationn.协作；配合postgraduate adj.研究生的fascinating adj.迷人的；吸引人的chopsticksn.筷子NOTESNOTES1.1.westernwestern medicinemedicine orientedoriented schools:schools:schools with western medicine as themain course2.2.the state board examination:the state board examination:the examination organized by the state board ofpharmacy in each munity pharmacy:community pharmacy:public drug store on the street4.4.scheduled substances:scheduled substances:Drugs with severe side effects have been classified bythe U.S.Government as the scheduled drugs,hence controlled by law.5.5.Rx drugs:Rx drugs:drugs which must be prescribed by the doctor6.6.that the Chinese population had better things to spend their money onthat the Chinese population had better things to spend their money onthanthan takingtaking needlessneedless drugs,drugs,andand thatthat therethere waswas a a minimalminimal if if notnot almostalmostnon-existentnon-existent chemicalchemical dependencydependency problems:.problems:.that the Chinese peoplewould spend their money on other things rather than on unnecessary drugs,and that the number of the persons addicted to drugs was quite limited,if theredid exist such things7.7.pilot factories:pilot factories:factories in which drugs are produced for clinical trials8.8.production schedules:production schedules:contents of drugs to be produced99.9.intermediate products:intermediate products:half-finished drugsEXERCISESEXERCISESI.Questions:I.Questions:1.Why was the author puzzled about the educational system in China?2.Whats the same characteristic of about 50 colleges of pharmacy throughoutChina?3.Whatkindofjobwillstudentsgetwhentheygraduatefrom thepharmaceutical universities?And what about the graduates of other colleges ofpharmacy?4.Whats the function of the SPA?5.What questions were often asked at the lectures given by the author?6.Why did the author think that the Chinese pharmacists were well-informed?7.According to the author,the Chinese colleagues were friendly to him.Why?8.The author was much impressed by what he had seen in China.Find the proofin the text.9.Whats the authors attitude towards traditional Chinese medicine?10.Can you tell,according to the text,something about pharmacy in the USA?II.TranslationII.Translation1.人首次与医生打交道也许是在他出生时。2.药剂师根据医生的处方给病人配制一定剂量的药。3.药剂学是一门有关制备、生产和分发药物的学科。4.作为药剂师，你首先应该做到一丝不苟地配药。5.制药业涉及到药物研制和生产。6.经过数百年的临床实践，我们的医生终于证实了这种疗法真正价值。7.现在，中国的义务工作者已开创了一条中西医相结合的崭新的发展之路。8.经过大量的科学实验，科研工作者对这种传统疗法的临床应用的基本原则有了更进一步的了解。9.一种药物在被医生用于处方之前，其对人体所产生的作用将受到仔细检测。10.中国年轻一代药剂工作者中相当一部分人都去西方国家读过研究生或接受过短期培训。-10-11-LESSON TWOLESSON TWOTEXTTEXTVitaminsVitaminsDo you know that it is possible to eat large amounts of food and still starve?You may be eating a good mixture of different kinds of foods furnishing all thecalories you need;yet lacking certain necessary substances.About fifty years agoscientists began to realize that foods contain tiny amounts of other things that thebody needs for good health.The antiberiberi substance,at first was called an accessory food factor.Experiments soon revealed Mill another such factor.The new substance curedyore eyes and promoted growth.It appeared in the fat of eggs,butter,andcod-liver oil rather than in the coats of rice grains.Later scientists called these substances vitamins and named them by theletters of the alphabet.In the early days of the clipper ships,sailors who went on long voyageswould often get a dangerous disease called scurvy.Just 200 years ago,a doctor inthe British navy found that eating fresh fruits and vegetables would cure thisdisease.It was the first time people recognized that a definite sickness could resultwhen something was missing from the diet.Nowadays this scurvy-preventing material is called vitamin C,and it can bemanufactured in large quantities and add to other foods.Oranges,lemons,cabbage,turnips and tomatoes are some natural foods containing large amounts ofvitamin C;like all vitamins,it cannot be stored very long in the body but must bereplaced al