第2章船舶组织和驾驶员职务.doc

Chapter 2 the Organization of a Ships Crew and the Deck Departments Responsibilitythe Organization of a Ships CrewThe man in charge of a ship is the master. He is responsible for the ship，her cargo and the safety of the crew. He must be well qualified and an experienced navigator. Although his correct title is the master，he is addressed as “captain”.The organization of the crew of a cargo ship is changing，but it is still customary to find deck，engine，catering and radio departments in ships of a reasonable size. Each department is made up of a varied number of officers，petty officers and ratings.The chief officer，or first mate as he is often called，is the head of the deck department. He is assisted by a second officer (mate)，a third officer (mate). The deck department also includes a boatswain (bosun) and a carpenter，and a number of ratings. These are made up of able seamen(AB)，ordinary seamen(OS) and a middle grade known as efficient deck hands(EDH). On some ships navigating cadets are carried for training purposes.The chief engineer is head of the engine department. He is assisted by a second，third，fourth engineer. An electrical officer may also be carried. The engine room ratings are firemen and greasers. There may also be engineer cadets.The catering department is under the chief steward. It is divided into a saloon and galley section. The galley section is headed by the ships cook. He is assisted by cooks.The radio department often consists of only one man：the radio officer.the Deck Departments Responsibility1. the Work of the Deck Department The deck department is responsible for navigating the ship safely and economically from port to port. The master is an experienced navigator and usually works out the best course. It is the job of the deck department to see that the cargo is stowed properly in the holds and kept in good condition during the voyage. The stowage of cargo is the responsibility of the chief officer. He is helped by the second and third officers. In addition，when the ship is not fully laded，the chief officer must see that the holds are cleaned and prepared for their next cargo. In a tanker the cargo tanks are washed out during ballast passages and freed of gas. The second officer is responsible to the master for keeping the ship on course and for looking after all the equipment used for navigation. At sea，much of the deck departments time is spent maintaining the ship and her equipment in good condition. This means constant cleaning，painting and repair work. This is done by ratings under the supervision of the boatswain (bosun). A program of maintenance for each day is worked out by the chief officer. He also looks after the general day-to-day running of the department and deals with any problems. The third officer is in charge of fire-fighting equipment and life-saving appliances. The different appliances must be complete and in good working order.The boatswain and the carpenter are directly responsible to the chief officer. The Bosun sees that his orders and those of other deck officers are carried out by the crew. He is a man with a lot of knowledge and practical experience in seamanship. The carpenter is usually a qualified shipwright. He no longer works only with wood as his name suggests. His most important regular job is to sound the tanks and bilges in order to check the depths of liquid in them. He also operate the windlass，when the anchors are being raised or lowered.The deck department is also responsible for keeping watches. An officer is always on watch on the bridge.2. the Master Responsibilities and DutiesThe master is the direct representative of the company. Decisions and actions taken by the master in this capacity are usually binding upon the company，and therefore the master must act to ensure that companys interests are protected. The master has supreme command of the vessel and full authority under the law over all phases of vessel operations at all times. This authority under the law extends over all persons on board.The master is at all times responsible for the seaworthiness and safety of the ship and for the safety of all personnel，cargo and equipment aboard.The master is responsible for the management of the certificates and documents related the vessel.The master is ultimately responsible for the safe handling and control of cargo during loading，transport and discharge.The master must keep the company advised of the progress of vessel operations. Requirements for specific reports are listed in various marine regulations. In addition to these reports，however，the master should advise the company of any significant or unusual occurrences. Examples of such occurrences are rescues，accidents or oil spills of other vessels，malfunction of important navigational aids，and so forth.3. The First Officer Responsibilities and DutiesJoiningUpon joining a vessel，the first officer must report to the master，and then，in company with the officer being relieved，make a through inspection of those sections of the vessel for which the first officer is responsible. The relieving first officer must check deck department equipment，machinery，records，and inventories，and the deck maintenance log to determine the status of the maintenance program.Duties generalThe first officer is responsible to the master for the operation，administration，and supervision of the deck department. The first officer is the second in command of the vessel and officer-in-charge when the master is absent. The first officer must be familiar with subordinate deck officers，supervisory responsibilities，stores and equipment to ensure that the deck department is adequately manned and equipped in accordance with the company.CargoThe first officer is responsible for cargo planning，holds preparation，loading，stowage, discharging，and for the accurate preparation of reports and records concerning cargo. The first officer must ensure that cargo holds and equipment are maintained in good operating conditions. The first officer is ultimately responsible for the safe handling and control of cargo during loading，transport and discharge.BallastBallast must be carried and distributed in the ship in accordance with recommended ballast procedures. Should any deviation be necessary, the effect of shifting or the increase or decrease of the amount of ballast on the vessel draft，trim，hog and sag stresses must be considered prior to taking any action. At no time will sag or hog stresses be permitted in excess of the established safety factor values.4. the Second Officer Responsibilities and dutiesJoiningUpon joining a vessel the second officer must report to the master. The second officer must discuss with officer being relieved details of the equipment and material for which the second oficer is responsible，and inspect them promptly，preferably in the company of the officer being relieved. Unsatisfactory conditions must be reported to the master.Duties GeneralThe scond oficer is responsible to the master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties. The scond oficers is responsible to the master through the first officer for watch duties pertaining to navigation publications and equipment.Charts and nautical publications：Before sailing，the scond oficer must ensure that charts and navigational publications required for the voyage are aboard. Charts and navigational publications covering routes and areas of the vessels projected voyages must keep corrected.Equipment1) If necessary，the scond oficer must start the master gyro compass in time to permit it to settle before sailing，check its accuracy，set the repeaters and check them with the master compass.2) Chronometers: Chronometers must be wound and the errors obtained daily. The second officer is responsible for maintaining the chronometer record book. The responsibility for chronometers is the second officers even though the actual work of winding，checking and entering rates may be done by another officer.3) Sounding equipment including the electronic fathometer，the mechanical or electric sounding equipment，(if carried) must be maintained in good order and be ready for use.4) Electronic navigation equipment，including radar，radio direction finder，depth recorder (if applicable)，and GPS. The second officer is responsible for making repairs and adjustments，obtaining a service technician if necessary，and ensuring that equipment is in good operating condition one hour prior to sailing time. All repairs and maintenance to equipment must be done in accordance with the manufactures instructions and noted in the appropriate equipment logs as required.Before sailing the second officer must be check the radars and other electronic navigation equipment for proper operation and alignment.5) All other navigation equipment and instruments，including sextants，plotting gear and tables，azimuth circles，navigation lights and shapes，and so forth must be maintained in first-class condition. It is the responsibility of the second officer to assure that the vessels sextant is kept in a safe location and that it is periodically inspected and tested. If the sextant is in poor condition and beyond repair，a new sextant must be requisitioned promptly.6）The second officer should insist that every effort be made to have the course recorder，barographs and anemometers，together with barometers，thermometers，hygrometers func- tioning properly before sailing.5. the Third Officer Responsibilities and DutiesJoiningUpon joining a vessel，the third officer must report to the master. The third officer mustdiscuss with the officer being relieved the areas of the third officers responsibility，and inspect them promptly，preferably in the company ofthe officer being relieved. Anything found to be unsatisfactory must be reported to the master. Duties General1) The third officer is responsible to the master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties.2) The third officer is responsible to the master through the first officer for watch duties pertaining to fire-fighting appliances and life-saving appliances and maintenance.3) The third officer is responsible for the care of the ships signaling equipment.4) The third officer is responsible for the vessels International Code Signal flags and national ensigns and must ensure that the proper sets are on board and available for immediate use. Other flags shall be available and be flown as indicated：(1) If docked or at anchor the national or merchant ensign of the vessels country of registry must be flown from the staff aft，the main mast gaff if underway，or radar mast yard arm (if there is no gaff) from 0800 until sunset. Its position will be determined by whether the vessel is at a dock，anchorage，or underway.(2) The national or merchant ensign，whichever is appropriate，of the country at which the vessel is calling during her voyage must be flown from the foremast truck in accordance with regulations.(3) The company house flag must be flown at the mainmast truck or on ships lacking a mainmast，from the yardarm or gaff on the radar mast atop the wheelhouse.(4) The ships call letters should be flown from a halyard on the yardarm of the radar mast whenever necessary for the steaming situation.(5) The quarantine flag must be flown from the radar mast yardarm where it will be most visible.Watch Officers Duties at Sea1. Scope of ResponsibilityThe watch officer must keep constantly in mind that while in charge of the bridge，the safety of the ship and ships personnel are entirely in the watch officers hands. The watch officer is charged with observing the practices of good seamanship. The watch officer must be alert and attentive to duties at all times and ensure that the subordinates on watch are equally vigilant and attentive to their duties. The watch officer is responsible to the master and for the safe navigation of the vessel and strict compliance with the Rules of the Road. The watch officer must obey all written and spoken orders of the master and must comply with all regulations and standing orders. The watch officer must become familiar and proficient with the underway watch conditions and duties.2. Calls to the MasterThe watch officer must immediately call the master at any time the vessel appears to be standing into danger and in various other situations. In any of the following situations or circumstances the watch officer must call or notify the master：1) Failure to make a landfall or navigational sighting at the expected time.2)Anytime the watch officer is in doubt of the vessels position or action to be taken. The watch officer must feel free to call upon the master at any time for counsel without fear of censure or reprimand.3) Any time fathometer readings significantly disagree with the soundings published along the vessels DR track.4) When sighting any hazard to navigation not marked on the chart.5) Loss of the gyro compass or breakdown of any equipment which affects the speed，maneuvering or safety of the ship.6) Any visual or voice distress call.7) Any unanticipated significant change in barometric readings.8) Any significant lowering of visibility.9) On approaching any concentration of traffic.10) Any time a “burdened” vessel closes to within 10 minutes of the established CPA on constant or near constant bearing and all attempts to communicate (VHF，etc.) have failed to assist in ascertaining the vessels intentions.11) Whenever a radar target is first picked up inside of five miles and maintains constant or near constant compass bearing and distance to the vessel is not increasing.12) Any irregularity in preparing to relieve or surrender the watch.13) Additional instances as specified in the masters standing order.When a call is necessary remember to allow the master sufficient time to assess the situation on the bridge. Call the master before a doubtful situation turns into an emergency.3. Master or Pilot ConningWhen the master or pilot has the conn，the watch officer must assist by keeping a watchful eye over the entire navigational situation so as to be better able to inform the master or pilot ofanything which may have escaped their notice. The watch officer must feel free to act，as circumstances and their experience dictate，to advise the master or pilot of anything which they may not have noticed or which the watchofficer feels is not going in accordance with the masters (or pilots) efforts in the situation.4. Changing the WatchA. PreparationThe watch officer must relieve the watch on time，reporting to the bridge early enough to become oriented and informed of the steaming situation before relieving the officer then on watch. During hours of darkness，the watch officer must allow