最好最全非谓语导学案学案答案基础部分.doc

非谓语动词学案(教师版)I.不定式（The Infinitive）定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有时态和语态的变化又有自己的宾语和状语。 一、不定式的构成 （以动词do为例）主动形式被动形式一般式to do完成式进行式无完成进行式无 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我们不要再同她见面。 二、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。（一）不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult. To lose heart means failure. 完成句子：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。To wait is better than to leave. 等待比离开好。注: 1) 不定式作主语时,谓语用_数2) 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to doIts good/kind/nice/bad/clever/wise/silly/stupid/foolish/ honest(2) It is/was +adj.+for sb.+to doIt is easy / difficult / hard / likely/probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important(3) It is +a +名词+(for) to do.lIt is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / ones duty / an honor / ashame / a crime / no easy job to do (4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to dol It requires courage / patience / hard work to do完成句子：Its kind of you to help me。你帮我是好的Its silly of the students to cheat in the examination.学生考试作弊是愚蠢的Its an honor for us to attend such an important meeting参加这样重要的会议我们对我们是一件荣誉的事。It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。Its good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。 It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。 It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分钟完成这件工作是难的。It takes us two hours to fly to Paris from here.从这乘飞机到巴黎用我们连两个小时的时间。（二）不定式做表语eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. 完成句子：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children. 我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。（三）不定式作宾语以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词） 想要学习 早打算（ want、 learn 、plan） 快准备 有希望（ prepare 、hope、 wish、expect） 同意否 供选择（agree、offer、choose） 决定了 已答应（decide、be determined、promise） 尽力去 着手做（manage、undertake） 别拒绝 别假装（refuse、pretend） 失败不是属于你（fail）e.g. Tom refused to lend me his pen. We hope to get there before dark. 另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如： Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？I feel it my duty to serve the people heart and soul. 汉译英I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。All of us think it important to study English well.大家认为学好英语很重要。Do you consider it better not to go? 你认为不去更好吗 （四）不定式做宾语补足语 如：He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street. 汉译英：I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。 I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。 注：1. 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，在主动语态中作宾补的不式不可带to，这些动词有三使、两听、五看、一感觉、半帮助。have, make, let, hear, listen to, watch, see, look at, observe, notice; feel, help等。I felt my blood run cold. What made you think like that? 但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.完成句子：Though he often make shis little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。 He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。 注:2get,等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如： 完成句子：Ill get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。 注: 3. allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等跟doing 作宾语，跟不定式做宾语。但refuse, agree, hope, demand等不跟复合宾语。 （五）动词不定式做定语序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。 完成句子：He is always _. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。 The next person _ is Dr. Baker. 下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。 还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination, ability, time, way, chance, courage, opportunity等。如： We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 注意：不定式为不及物动词或所修饰的名词是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。完成句子：Give me a knife to cut apples with.（削苹果）Some people have no house to live in (住) especially in Beijing.The fox found a box to stand on (站在上面).Could you lend me a pen to write with(写字)This is the tool to work with (劳动).Give me a piece of paper to write on(写字).I have nothing to worry about (担心).如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.（六）不定式做状语不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、结果、原因 等。1、 表目的 例如：To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best He came here in order to see Charlie. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him 完成句子：In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade. 为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。 He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。 注：1. in order to置于句首或句中 ， so as to只放在句中. In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.注：2.不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 e.g. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.判断正误：To save money, every means has been tried.To save money, he has tried every means.To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.注：3 不定式做目的状语放在句末时不用逗号，而Ving做目的状语放在句末时用逗号。He worked hard to enter key university.He worked hard, entering key university.2. 表结果不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型 so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. adj./adv. + enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. only to find, only to be told 出乎意料之外的结果 What I said to make you angry.注意：tooto通常表示太而不，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。 She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。 完成句子：The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。 He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. 他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？ He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。 The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。 The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服2.不定式作形容词的状语如：Im glad to meet you.Im anxious to know the result.Im sorry to say that. 完成句子：They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。 We are proud to be young people of new China.成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。 另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如： The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。The bed is comfortable to lie on.完成句子：The question is easy to solve.The box is heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.She is nice to work with.The pen is smooth to write with.注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when,where, how连词 whether等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. Im not sure whether to go to the re. On hearing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 完成句子：When to start has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。The problem is how to get there on time.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。介词后一般不直接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。完成句子：Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。 I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。不定式的复合结构由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。由for 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：easy / difficult / hard / probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important例如： It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.主语你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。Its time for us to go to school.定语There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome. 定语Can you arrange for a car to take us there?宾语Its for you to decide. 表语He put the paper on the desk for you to read.状语完成句子：His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用： brave, careless, good, honest, kind, nice, rude, stupid, silly, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, wise clever,等。例如：Its kind of you to say so. 完成句子：Its brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby! 你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿不定式的省略1. 不定式省略to的规则： 前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意： 在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。 完成句子：Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？ Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？ 在had better（还是最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would ratherthan（宁可而不）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would soonerthan（宁可而不）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。完成句子：Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。 I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。 Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。 作介词but，except，等的宾语不定式，前面有实义动词do , to do，不定式符号to可省略。 I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep They did nothing but watch TV last night 完成句子：Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。 Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。 如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如： 完成句子：Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。 They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。 在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。 完成句子：I really dont know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.? 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。To wait is better than to leave.完成句子：I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。 The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。 2. 省略do保留to： 上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to。 注意：1. 若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。2. 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。 高中阶段常见的不定式短语： 高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会）, be about to do（即将做）, used to do（过去常常）, be glad to do（乐意做）, would like to do（想要做）,be likely to do（很可能做）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。 高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to be exact（精确地说）等。 完成句子：To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。 To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。 II. V-ing (现在分词/动名词) 动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。一、V-ing的形式：V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的V-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式完成式注意：1.V-ing的否定形式是由not 加V-ing构成。如：_ his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。_ made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。二、V-ing的语法作用 V-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。（一）V-ing（短语）作主语：_ is easier than doing. 说比做容易。注意：在下面两种结构中，V-ing分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。It's a waste of time _. 辩论这事是浪费时间。在There is no结构中，通常用V-ing分词。如：There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。2. V-ing（短语）作表语：V-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。The real question is _. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。V-ing分词（使役动词）作表语可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。The news is surprising. 这条信息令人鼓舞。The situation is encouraging. 形式令人鼓舞。3. V -ing作宾语：Ving作动词宾语。如： The students wasted much time (in) playing computer games We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。I suggest _. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等。V-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place.我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider _? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？V-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。He went to London in the hope of_. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。What can prevent us (from) getting married?有什么能阻止我们结婚？动名词前省略介词 in 的常用结构be careful (in) doing sth做某事时很小心be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事have difficulty(in) doing sth做有困难have trouble (in) doing sth做某事有困难have a problem(in) doing sth做有困难have a good time / fun (in) doing sth做某事很开心have a hard time(in) doing sth做很辛苦spend money(time) (in) doing sth 花钱（时间）做某事waste money(time) (in) doing sth 浪费钱（时间）做某事There is no difficulty(in) doing sth 做某事没有困难There is no need / use(in) doing sth 做某事没有用There is no point(in) doing sth 做某事没有意义另外，V-ing可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：He left ahead of time _.他一句话也没说就提前离开了。_, she had to take care of four children.除了做饭和缝纫(sew)以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如： admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, pay attention to. 下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟Ving的动词，区别如下（1）.begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。 When we came in, they were beginning to have supper. After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(2).有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义： Please remember _(bring)me the book I want next time. I remember _(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before. Don't forget _(write)to me soon. I never forget _(visit)