初中英语八大时态简析.doc

1.一般现在时时间状语：always usually often sometimes every week(day, year, month) once a week on Sundays否定形式：am/is/are + not 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首 用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。3)表示格言或警句（此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时）Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用现在进行时。I/We get up very early.Tom usually plays basketball after school.Jane sometimes goes to the park with her sister.They often play football in the playground.Jane studies draw every Sunday.Tom visits his aunt once a week on Saturday.He is at school/work.2.一般过去时时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time否定形式：was/were + not 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词一般疑问句：was或were放于句首 用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。3) It is time for sb. to do s.th. "到时间了" "该了"It is time that sb. did s.th. "时间已迟了" "早该了"It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在( 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气)I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。5)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等情态动词 could, wouldI wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？6) used to / be used toused to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。I/We visited my grandmother yesterday.Tom went to Shanghai three days ago.Jane called me last night.They climbed that mountain last weekend.They played together at the age of 6.He watched TV yesterday.She was born in 1990.Jane and her sister went shopping the day before yesterday.Tom and his friends practiced English just now.3.一般将来时时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year), soon, in a few minutes, by, the day after tomorrow基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + not 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词一般疑问句：be放于句首 will/shall提到句首1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称2)be going to +不定式，表示将来a.主语的意图，即将做某事b.计划，安排要发生的事The play is going to be finished next month.这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, it is going to rain. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事(be about to do不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用)He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。5）be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.6)be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。7)be going to表示主观的打算或计划I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。 一般现在时表将来1)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。2)以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。3)在时间或条件句中When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。现在进行时表示将来动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Ill go to Hefei tomorrow.Jane will finish this work in a few minutes.He will go to Nanjing to visit his uncle the day after tomorrow.Tom and Mike are going to play basketball after school.Its going to rain.They are going to be free tomorrow and they will go fishing together. 4.过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中would/ be going to/ be about + do在过去将来时中，所有人称都用would，尤其在口语中,只有个别情况才用should时间状语：the next day(morning, year), the following month (week)基本结构：was/were/going to + do would/should + do否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do would/should + not + do一般疑问句：was或were放于句首 would/should 提到句首We knew we should win. 我知道我们会赢。I told her that I was leaving soon. 我告诉她我们很快就要离开。We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正在离开，电话铃响了。When we arrived，the train was just going to start. 我们到达时，火车正要启动。 come go leave arrive start（瞬间动词）等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时My sister told me she was coming to see me this weekend.He was told his train was leaving at seven.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时I didnt know when she would come， but when she came I would let you know.The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didnt work hardTom said he would go to Nanjing the day after tomorrow.They told me they were going to go fishing.Jane asked me if I would go here with her.5.现在进行时时间状语：now, at this time, these days基本结构：am/is/are + doing否定形式：am/is/are + not + doing一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。I am watching TV now.Tom must be sleeping at this time.Jane is cleaning her bedroom when her mother comes home.They are practicing English for the next competition these days.Look! They are dancing on the playground.不用进行时的动词1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等I have two sisters. 我有两个姐姐。2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。6.过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作，其形式为was /were + V.-ing，常与表示过去的时间状语连用时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语基本结构：was/were + doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing一般疑问句：把was或were提到句首1. 过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。 2. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。3.过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。4.动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态.过去进行时表示过去将来时1）表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。2）表示故事发生的背景It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front. 那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。3）表示一个新的动作刚刚开始，过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。4）过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。5）与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩The girl was always changing her mind. 这女孩老是改变主意。She was washing clothes when her mother called her.Tom was singing when Bob came in.We/They were watching TV at this time yesterday.While Jane was reading, the door bell ringed.My father was listening to the radio at eight last night.7.现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has） +过去分词。时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, so far基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +done一般疑问句：have或has提到句首一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） 用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。I have met Mr. Wang before.Tom has known Jane since they were children.They have finished their homework.My parents have been in Beijing for ten years.Jane has lived here for more than two years.The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.8.过去完成时表示过去的过去时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month)基本结构：had + done否定形式：had + not + done一般疑问句：had提到句首a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, and mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示 “原本，未能"Tom had studied 5,000 words by the end of last year.They had painted the house before they moved in.Jane said she had known Tom since they were children.He had finished his homework when his mother came home.She said she had returned the book to library two days ago.She told me she had been Shanghai three times. had hardly when 还没等 就I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no soonerthan 刚 就He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了用一般过去时代替过去完成时1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。2 ）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时When I heard the news, I was very excited.听到这个消息，我就特兴奋。3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.我们老师告诉我们哥伦布是在1942年发现美洲的。since的四种用法1. since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。2. since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3. since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。4. It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I left here. 我离开这里有两年了。比较since和forsince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. Tom has studied Russian for three years. 并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）延续动词与瞬间动词1)延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）2)用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做直到"  瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到，才"He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。瞬间动词完成时表达方式：1）瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型 2）瞬间动词可改成与之相对應的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间連用 3）瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been 4）瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中The film began five minutes ago. (The film has been on for five minutes.)They got to know in 1984. （They have known each other since 1984.）Jane bought the red car three years ago. (Jane has had the red car since three years ago.)The Greens came to China in 1994. (The Greens have been in China for 13 years.)练习答案：（一）BADDA CBBAD CADDA ADBCC（二）DCBAC CCCDA DADBC DADBB（三）CCBDB CCBDD ABDCB BCBAD（四）BA ADC DBACD CBDBC AAADA（五）DCCCA BDCCA CCCAB BABCB（六）DCABB BCCAA BDCBD DBCBD（七）ACBAA DCDBB DCADB CDCBC BD