句子成分和分类.ppt

句子成分和分类句子成分和分类n句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。主语主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）Of the students in this class，one-third are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）n n谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：n n1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.n n2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.n nDo you like my dog?n n（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.n n表语：表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：n nOur teacher of English is an American.（名词）n nIs it yours?（代词）n nThe weather has turned cold.（形容词）n nThe speech is exciting.（分词）n nThree times seven is twenty one?（数词）n nHis job is to teach English.（不定式）n nHis hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）n nThe machine must be out of order.（介词短语）n nTime is up.The class is over.（副词）n nThe truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）n n宾语：宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：n nThey went to see an They went to see an exhibitionexhibition（展览）（展览）yesterday.yesterday.（名词）（名词）n nThe heavy rain prevented The heavy rain prevented meme form coming to school on form coming to school on time.time.（代词）（代词）n nHow many dictionaries do you have?I have How many dictionaries do you have?I have fivefive.（数词）（数词）n nThey helped They helped the oldthe old with their housework yesterday.with their housework yesterday.（名（名词化形容词）词化形容词）n nHe pretended He pretended not to see menot to see me.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）n nI enjoy I enjoy listening to popular musiclistening to popular music.（动名词短语）（动名词短语）n nI thinkI think（thatthat）he is fit for his office.he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）n n宾语种类宾语种类宾语种类宾语种类：（：（1 1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：Lend Lend me your dictionaryme your dictionary,please.,please.（2 2）复合宾语）复合宾语（宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：They elected They elected him their monitorhim their monitor.n n宾语补足语：宾语补足语：宾语补足语：宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如makemake等等+宾语宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：n nHis father named him His father named him DongmingDongming.（名词）（名词）n nThey painted their boat They painted their boat whitewhite.（形容词）（形容词）n nLet the fresh air Let the fresh air inin.（副词）（副词）n nYou mustnt force him You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.to lend his money to you.（不定式（不定式短语）短语）n nWe saw her We saw her entering the roomentering the room.（现在分词）（现在分词）n nWe found everything in the labWe found everything in the lab in good order in good order.（介词短语）（介词短语）n nWe will soon make our city We will soon make our city what your city is now.what your city is now.（从句）（从句）n n定语：定语：定语：定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：语可由以下等成分表示：n nGuilin is a Guilin is a beautifulbeautiful city.city.（形容词）（形容词）n nChina is a China is a developingdeveloping country;America is a country;America is a developeddeveloped country.country.（分词）（分词）n nHe is a teacher He is a teacher teachingteaching in our school.in our school.n nThere are thirtyThere are thirty women women teachers is our school.teachers is our school.（名词）（名词）n nHisHis rapid progress in English made us surprised.rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）n nOur monitor is always the firstOur monitor is always the first to enter the classroom to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）n nThe The teachingteaching plan for next term has been worked out.plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）n nHe is reading an article He is reading an article about how to learn Englishabout how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）n n状语：状语：状语：状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：n nLight travels Light travels most quicklymost quickly.（副词及副词性词组）（副词及副词性词组）n nHe has lived in the city He has lived in the city for ten yearsfor ten years.（介词短语）（介词短语）n nHe is proud He is proud to have passed the national college to have passed the national college entrance examinationentrance examination.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）n nEncouraged by the teacherEncouraged by the teacher,I made my mind to learn,I made my mind to learn English well.English well.（分词短语）（分词短语）n nWait Wait a minutea minute.（名词）（名词）n nOnce you beginOnce you begin,you must continue.,you must continue.（状语从句）（状语从句）n n状语种类如下：状语种类如下：状语种类如下：状语种类如下：n nHow about meeting again How about meeting again at sixat six?（时间状语）（时间状语）n nLast night she didnt go to the dance party Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the because of the rainrain.（原因状语）（原因状语）n nI shall go there I shall go there if it doesnt rainif it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）n nMr Smith lives Mr Smith lives on the third flooron the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）n nShe put the eggs into the basket She put the eggs into the basket with great carewith great care.（方式（方式状语）状语）n nShe came in She came in with a dictionary in her handwith a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）（伴随状语）n nIn order to catch up with the othersIn order to catch up with the others,I must work,I must work harder.harder.（目的状语）（目的状语）n nHe was so tired He was so tired that he fell asleep immediatelythat he fell asleep immediately.（结果（结果状语）状语）n nShe works very hard She works very hard though she is oldthough she is old.（让步状语）（让步状语）n nI am taller I am taller than he isthan he is.（比较状语）（比较状语）n nIm going to take an early bus so that Ill get there in time.(目的状语)n nI took an early bus so that I got there in time.(结果状语)同位语：与名词在语法上处于同等地位，对同位语：与名词在语法上处于同等地位，对句子中某一成分进一步解释说明。通常位于句子中某一成分进一步解释说明。通常位于被说明的词之后。被说明的词之后。n nWe have two foreigner teachers,a Canadian and an American.n nWe Chinese people love our country.n nThey each can get a chance to travel by air.n二、简单句、并列二、简单句、并列句和复合句句和复合句n n（一）句子种类两种分类法（一）句子种类两种分类法n n1、按句子的用途可分四种：、按句子的用途可分四种：n n1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.n n2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?n n3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in classn n4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!n nHow+adj/adv+名词+谓语！n nWhat+（a/an）+adj+名词+（主语+谓语）！n nWhat a clever boy he is!n n2 2、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：n n1 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。（或并列谓语）。n ne.g.He often reads English in the morning.e.g.He often reads English in the morning.n nTom and Mike are American boys.Tom and Mike are American boys.n nShe likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.newspapers.n n2)2)并列句：由并列连词（并列句：由并列连词（and,but,orand,but,or等）或分号（；）等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。n ne.g.You help him and he helps you.e.g.You help him and he helps you.n nThe future is bright;the road is tortuous.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。道路是曲折的。n n3 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。n ne.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.at the Great Wall.n n（二）简单句的五种基本句型（二）简单句的五种基本句型n n1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.He is a student.n n2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.We work.n n3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.n n4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.My father bought me a car.n n5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.n n注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。n nIn your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States n n（三）并列句的分类（三）并列句的分类（三）并列句的分类（三）并列句的分类n n1 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not onlybut and,not onlybut also,neithernor,thenalso,neithernor,then等连接。等连接。e.g.The teachers name e.g.The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.is Smith,and the students name is John.n n2 2、表示选择，常用的连词有、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,or,eitheror,otherwiseotherwise等。等。e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.n n3 3、表示转折，常用的连词有、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,but,still,however,yet,while,whenwhile,when等。等。e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.interesting.n n4 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,thereforeso,for,therefore等。等。e.g.August is the time of the year for rive harvest,so every day e.g.August is the time of the year for rive harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.I work from dawn until dark.n n5.表示条件或结果。n nOne step more,and you will be a dead man.n nHurry up,or you will be late.复合句复合句n n1.从句用陈述语序。从句用陈述语序。n n2.引导词的选择必须符合逻辑。引导词的选择必须符合逻辑。n n判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：n nI hope you are very wellI hope you are very well（）.Im fine,but tired.Im fine,but tired（）.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farmhelping my Dad on the farm（）.August is the.August is the hottest month herehottest month here（）.It is the time of year for the.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.（）Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractorsof our tractors（）.We grow rice in the south of the.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheatStates,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（）.We have a lot of machines on the farm.We have a lot of machines on the farm（）.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for himworking for him（）.But he employs more men.But he employs more men for the harvestfor the harvest（）.My brother takes care of the.My brother takes care of the vegetable gardenvegetable garden（）.It doesnt often rain in the.It doesnt often rain in the summer heresummer here（）.复合句简单句并列句简单句并列句简单句并列复合句简单句复合句简单句简单句简单句n nAs a result,we have to water the vegetable gardenAs a result,we have to water the vegetable garden（）.Every evening we pump water from a well.Every evening we pump water from a well（）.It then runs along channels to different parts of the.It then runs along channels to different parts of the gardengarden（）.n nMost Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest timeMost Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time（）.These parties often make us very happy.These parties often make us very happy（）.We cook meat on an open fire outside.We cook meat on an open fire outside（）.Its greatIts great（）!Americans eat a lot of meat too!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinionmuch in my opinion（）.Some of my friends drink.Some of my friends drink beerbeer（）.I dont,because I have to drive home.I dont,because I have to drive home after the partyafter the party（）.In your letter you asked about the.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the Statestime in different areas of the States（）.There.There are five different time areas in the Statesare five different time areas in the States（）.In my.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing timestate we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）.How many different time areas do you have in ChinaHow many different time areas do you have in China（）?Well,I must stop and get some sleep?Well,I must stop and get some sleep（）.Please give my best regards to your parentsPlease give my best regards to your parents（）.简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句复合句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句简单句