定语从句小结讲解.doc

定语从句小结一定语是限定修饰名词或代词的。二除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、冠词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。（1）a white wall （冠词、形容词） (2 ) our classroom （代词） (3 ) five boys （数词） (4 ) a boy school （名词）注意：特殊 man woman 这两个名词作定语时，单复数要随后面的名词而定。如：a man doctor, two men doctorsa woman scientist, three women scientistsThere are women police officers, women doctors, teachers, engineers, farmers and so on. (5 ) The man in the tree came down. （介词短语） (6 ) I have something to tell you. （不定式） (7 ) a running machine （现在分词） (8 ) a polluted river （过去分词） (9 ) a reading room （动名词） （10）定语从句：在复合句中，限定修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。 A plane is a machine can fly. （先行词） 关系代词（主语，不能省） 定语从句所修饰的名词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词有关系代词 that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格 whose)和关系副词where, when, why 。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。区别：The fact / that he had not said anything / surprised everybody.The fact / that we talked about / is very important. （一） 关系代词的用法：1. that 主要指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不能省，作宾语可以省。（1）The noodles/that were on the table/were delicious. (主语，指物)（2）Who is the man/that is reading the newspaper over there?/(主语，指人)（3）That is the best hotel/(that) I know./（宾语，指物）2. which只能指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作主语不能省，作宾语可以省。（1）A chemist's shop is a shop / which sells medicine./ (主语）（2）The film /(which) we saw last night/ is wonderful. (宾语）3. who，whom，whose 指人，在从句中分别作主语、宾语或定语. whom作宾语可以省。（1）The boy / who broke the window / is called Tom. (主语）（2）The girl / whom we saw yesterday / is Jim's sister.(宾语）（3）Wei Fang is the student / whose house caught fire last week./ (定语）（4）I live in a room / whose (指物，特殊） window opens to the south./ (定语） （二） 介词 + 介词的选择要根据定语从句中有关动词的固定搭配。 （ 先行词）（1）The pencil / with which he was writing / broke.（2）The person / to whom I spoke just now / is the manager /( whom) I told you about./（3）Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert，enjoyed it very much.（4）The old Olympic Games / from which the modern games came / began around the year 776 BC in Greece. 练习：（1）Last spring we visited the West Lake, Hangzhou is famous in the world.（2）Where is the shirt you paid 20 US$ ?（3）China has hundreds of islands, the largest is Taiwan. (如果"，"改为"."则填 ）（4）She had a son and two daughters, served in the army. (如果"，"改为"."，则填 )（5）Can you name the provinces the Yangtze River flows. ? （6）They were held in Greece the country the Games were born.（7）The apples, half have gone bad, are in a basket. 学习短语介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句：（1）He works in a middle school. In front of it there is a river.合并： He works in a middle school, in front of which there is a river.（2）The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.合并:（3）In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.合并: (三）关系副词的用法：1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。（1） I still remember the day. I first came to Beijing on that day主 谓 宾 主 谓 地点状语 时间状语= I still remember the day / when I first came to Beijing./（2）I'll never forget the day /when I joined the PLA./（3）Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago/ when I came to your house and borrowed diamond necklace ?/（4）The date / when Lincoln was born / was 1860.（5）Do you know the date / when Lincoln （6）This is the time / when you have an English lesson./注意：（1）October 1, 1998 was the day that / which I'll never forget (v.t)./（2）I'll never forget the days/ I spent (v.t) in Beijing./在以上两句中，尽管先行词是表时间的名词，但它在定语从句中作宾语，所以不能用when，而要用that / which，且可以省略。2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。（1）This is the company. My father worked there 3 years ago. 主 系 表 主 谓 地点状语 时间状语= This is the company/ where my father worked 3 years ago./（2）This is the house. I lived in the house 2 years ago. = This is the house /where I lived 2 years ago./（3）合并: The factory is in the west of the city. His father works there.The factory /where his father works /is in the west of the city.（4）This is the theatre /where Lincoln was shot./（5）This is the seat /where Li Ming sits./（6）He went to Canada/ where he wrote about music for a newspaper./（7) This is the room 注意：（1）This is the place /（which / that） they used to visit.(v.t.)/ where (错) （2）Tianjin is the place /where I spent my childhood./ that / which (错) （3）Hunger was only one of the problems in the African countries/ （that/which） he visited. (v.t)/（4）It must be a place/（ that / which） its enemy cannot find. (v.t.)/ where / in which(错)（5）The house /（ which / that ）you are looking for / is at the other end of where(错)the street. （6）He lives in Deliville, which is only about an hour's ride from here.（7）The potato can be grown in places/ where it is too cold to grow rice./如果把 in places 括起来， where 引导什么从句？（8）Well, many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places/ that are famous, interesting or beautiful./ （9）The garden /that was once so beautiful/ was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild（狂野的） water. （10）They make me think of the happy days/（ that / which）we spent together./ （11）The house/ where he once lived/ has been turned into a museum and is visited by thousands of people every year. （12）It is a world of magic and wonders, a world/ where anything can happen./ 这个魔法世界里充满了神奇，什么事情都可以发生。 （13）He is getting old and think of the time/ when he was young./ 他上岁数了，经常想到年轻时的岁月。（14）I walked into the room /where three people were waiting to interview me./3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。（1）The reason/ why he could not go there /was that his grades were too low. （2）What was the reason /why Malcolm studied law ?/ （3）Yet there are other reasons/ why people travel./ （4）I'd like to know the reason/ why you changed the plan. (或 why you are late. )/（5）Do you know the reason （6）The reason/ why Peter is so happy /is that he passed the exam. （四）非限制性定语从句：对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用，而只是补充一些说明，通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，在译成中文时，这个从句多译成一个并列句。限制性定语从句拿掉以后，句子意思发生变化，甚至不能成立，而非限制性定语从句拿掉以后对剩下的部分没有太大影响。注意：非限制性定语从句:（1）在修饰物时，只能用which, 不能用that. （2）作宾语的关系代词不可以省略。（1）She sang a new song, which we like very much.（2）His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.（3）The book, which has 110,000 characters（汉字）, is about both farming and gardening. （4） （5）（6）She looked at Jeff, who was waving his arms. （7）Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep. （8）After graduating, she went to New York, where she started working as an actress and won the Theater World Award for her role in a play. （9）Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter. 正餐以一道小菜开始，这道菜常称为开胃菜。（10）Vitamins, which we can get from eating vegetables, fruit , fish and drinking milk, help our body fight disease. 我们可以吃蔬菜、水果、鱼及喝牛奶，从中吸取各种维它命，它们能帮助机体战胜疾病。（五）一般只能用that 引导的定语从句。1. 先行词前有形容词最高级或有 the first, the last 修饰时。 This is one of the most exciting football games/ (that) I have ever seen./ He was the first man/ that came./ 2. 先行词与 the only, the very, any, no 等连用时。 Corn was not the only food / that was taken to Europe./ You can take any book/ (that) you like best./ Mr Smith is the very person /that can help us./注意：very 用作形容词时，常与 the, this, that, my等连用："恰好""正是"。 This is the very book /(that) I wanted./ 这正是我要的书。 You are the very person /(that) I'm looking for./ But Dr Lively was going to talk on that very subject today. He took it from me under my very nose. 他竟然当着我的面把这个拿走。3. 先行词本身为 all, everything, nothing, anything, much, few, little 等不定代词时。（只有something 除外） He wrote down everything /(that) he didn't understand./ She did all/ she could /to help him. We will not let our history and culture be destroyed, and we will do everything/ we can/ to save our city. I did what/ I could/ to calm her. (=the thing which) Now, the leader has asked a group of students to do what / they can/ to save the earth.4. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。They talked about the people and things /(that) they saw on their way to school./5.有时在who的后面，为了音调和谐和避免与who重复。Who is the man /that is sitting by the window?/6. 在定语从句中作表语时用that。He isn't the man /that he used to be./(六）as作为关系代词，引导的非限制性或限制性定语从句。(A) as作为关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句，一定有一个逗号。此时as的先行词不是一个名词，而是代表整个主句的意思。先译主句，然后说“这一点”如：This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. 这只大象像条蛇，这一点任何人都能看到。此句中的as anybody can see 是一个由关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中作see的宾语，as的先行词不是一个名词，而是主句所表达的整个内容。又如： He is good at maths, as we all know. As we know now, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. Air is a gas , as we all know. As we all know, air is a gas . Air, as we all know, is a gas.类似的表达法还有：as you know, as is known to all, as you see,as can be seen, as has been pointed out,as is natural, as is often the case 情况常是如此。as often happens 这情况常发生 as might be expected 这是可能预料的。 is well known, Lu Xun was a Chinese writer. The number of the people, we had expected, was well over 30,000. 2001年高考题 is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What 用which 引导时，与"as"的共同点：都是关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。他们的先行词都不是一个名词，而是整个主句的意思。译成汉语时，译成"这一点"。区别是：which 引导的从句不在句首。内含因果关系。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. 竹子是中空的，这一点使得它们非常轻。 It rained heavily, which prevented my going out. The clock struck thirteen, which made everybody laugh. When they are burnt, new gases are formed, which causes the temperature of the air around the entire earth to rise. 1999年高考题 （19题） Carol said the work would be done by October, personally I doubt very much.A. it B. that C. when D. which2000年高考题（17题） Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy.A. who B. which C. this D. what He came early, was often the case. 他经常早到。 The sun heats the earth, is very important to living things. we know, water is a compound (化合物）of oxygen and hydrogen. In China, you sometimes get a hot, damp（潮湿的） cloth to clean your face and hands, which however, is not the custom in Western countries . (B) as 作为关系代词，引导的限制性定语从句。公式: as在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语。as的汉语意思随先行词。1) I have the same idea /as you./2) They used the same type of machines/ as we did./ 他们和我们使用同一类型的机器。3) That is the same knife / I lost./ 那把小刀跟我丢掉的一式一样。（同一类）区别：That is the same knife /that I lost./ 那把小刀就是我丢掉的。（就是那把）4) I use the same dictionary / /5) You have the same brown eyes /as your father has./你有一双和你父亲一样的褐色眼睛区别：She was wearing the same blouse and skirt /(that )she had on /when we saw her the other day. 她仍穿着那天我们看见她时穿的那套罩衫和裙子。6) We want the same rights /as the white people in the city./7) Young people will learn about disability（残疾人） only when they go to the same school /as people with disabilities./ 8) Nobody has such beautiful antlers (鹿角） /as I have./9) We have found such materials /as are used in their factory./ 我们找到了他们厂里用的那种材料。10) We want such materials/ as can stand high temperature./11) We have got such an instrument (仪器）/ as you are using./12) Shanghai is city everyone likes to visit. A. such a large beautiful that B. such a large beautiful as另外区别：such as "例如" 连词，引入同位语。例如：The latest cellphones have features such as games, music and an electronic calendar that will remind you about appointments and important dates. Bamboo can be made intowalking sticks and fishing poles. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one's country. He can speak languages such as English French and German.= He can speak such languages/ as English French and German./(七）含有定语从句的句子如何译成英语1. 这是一家/ 出售儿童服装的/商店。This is a store / that / which sells children's clothing./2. /我们昨天看的/电影很动人。The film /(that) we saw yesterday/ is very moving.(八）另外值得注意的几个问题：1. Is this museum I used to visit ?A. that B. which C. where D. the one (that)此题答案为 。如果在museum 前加定冠词the, 则 对。2. 当先行词是way， 修饰way 的定语从句可用in which 引导，也可以用 that代替 in which，也可以把 in which 或 that 省略，如： The way /( in which/ that ) these people look at problem/ is wrong.这些人们看问题的方法不对。 In the past, people paid little attention to differences between the two ways /in which boys and girl were treated./ 在过去，人们很少注意到男孩与女孩所受待遇的差异。 You are from Australia, aren't you ? Yes, I am. How did you guess? The way you speak. He had to find ways/ that would make it possible for him to speak, read and write./ My next show will have a part in which I act the role of a scientist, the way /that a scientist walks and talks./ 我在下一场演出中有个角色，我要扮演一个科学家，模仿科学家走路和谈话得样子。3.当先行词是 the last time 或the first time 时，应用 that 引导定语从句，不能用when, that常可省略。 "Children," he said, " this is the last time /that I shall give you a lesson. ？就/ This is the first time /( that) I had serious trouble with my boss./这是我第一次和老板发生麻烦。 She understood what I was talking about, even though it was the first time/ we had spoken together./ I didn't have a penny the last time /I saw you./