讲义专业英语.doc
专业英语讲义教材：电气信息类专业英语王群主编适用专业：电气工程主讲教师：邓秋玲一主讲内容第章 专业英语的文体特点（学时）第章 专业英语翻译（学时）第章 专业英语文献及其检索和阅读（学时）第章 专业英语论文组织和写作（学时）第章 专业英语阅读材料（学时）二参考教材电气工程及其自动化专业英语戴文进主编者电子工业出版社电气自动化专业英语李久胜主编哈尔滨工业大学出版社科技英语保清主编中国农业机械出版社Chapter one Literary Feature of Specialized English1.1 Introduction1 Purpose:To study specialized English aims at training students comprehension and application ablity to specialized English, and letting them to grasp some requisite specialized terms for speciality reading.basic skill and knowledges. thereby they can acquire the newest specialized knowledge(expertise) for science and technology. information data and other information relative to speciality by means of English, and positively take part in international interflow course of science and technology.2 The definition of specialized English1:I n general speaking, English can be divided into two classes,one is common English or general English or ordinary English and English for science and technology,the other Specialized English or English for special 2The relation of English for science and technology and specialized English1.2 lexical characteristicAs the developing of English,old vocabularies eliminate gradually while new ones spring up constantly.1.2.1 lexical classification1 special technical words such as diode,substation.2 special sub-technical words special sub-technical words are words used in common by many specialities and subjects while they have different meanings/connotations in different specialities and subjects such as power, condenser.3 non-technical words used in common English.1.2.2 lexical constitution1 compositionSuch as: horsepower, push-pull, power utilization (noun+noun) Ice-cold, feedback, power-driven, time-varying, nw-type, dark-blue, red hot, fine-looking, ready-made, clear-cut small-sized, above-mentioned, far-reaching,overhead, pick-me-up, out-of -door2 conversion3 derivation4 shortening1 clipped words Such as ad(advertisement), fig(figure), exam(examination), lab(laboratory) Math(mathematics), plane(airplane)2 acronyms such as:laser-light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Radar-radio detecting and ranging, modem-modulator demodulator COMSAT,CMOS,MOSFET.RAM,ROM SPICE(Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)TOEFL-Test of English as a Foreign Language3 initials Such as:AC, DC, CD, VLSIC,EDA, CB, PCB.RMS HVDC4 abbreviation Such as:Appx, Fig. Amp.5 blending Such as:motel-motorist hotel, positron-positive electron.6 letter symbolizing Such as:X-ray, U-shaped magnet, H-frame structure, Y-connection7 name naming Such as:Ohms law1.3 语法特点汉语的语法准则是达意,强调意合,语法特点注重“时间顺序” 英语的语法准则是完形,强调形合,语法特点注重“空间顺序”,以谓语动词为核心，用各种形式的短语或从句构筑句子框架，讲究空间层次。Specialized English must have characteristics of objectivity,accuracy and conciseness.1 广泛地使用被动语态Such as:Other characteristic,such as frequency,wave shape,and phase balance are seldom recognized by the comsumers but are given constant attention by electric power utility engineers.所有及物动词都可用于被动语态中，某些不及物动词与介词构成动词短语后也可用于被动语态中。2广泛地使用非谓语动词Purpose:conciseness1 动名词:用动名词短语来取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句.Such as:When it is forward biased(when being forward biased),the diode begins to conduct with only a small forward voltage across it.2 分词 such as:A three-phase circuit ,as ( it was ) pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single circuits.The transistor (which is )working with correct polarities can work as an amplifier.3 不定式:表目的和功能等从句可用不定式短语来代替The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.3 省略句使用多常见有以下四种句子成份的省略：1出现在并列复合句中的省略,后面分句与前面分句相同的部分可省略.Such as:The earth attracts the moon and the moon the earth.2 某些状语从句中的省略.Such as :If (it is)possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.常用的省略形式的:As already discussed,as explained before, as indicated (shown)in fig.1, as previously mentioned, if so ,when needed, where feasible, where possible.3 共用介宾的省略It is necessary to find out the current through and the voltage across this R.4 由hence (or thus)引出的句子可省去谓语动词.Such as:Transistor in the figure has its semiconductor materials arranged p-n-p,hence the name pnp transistor.4 it句型和祈使句使用多It is very important(possible,natural,inevitable-It is clear(obvious)-5 复杂长句多No so much limitation is placed on AC motor;here the only requirement is relative motion,and since a stationary armature and rotating field system have numerous advantages,this arrangement is a standard practice for all synchronous motor rated above a few kilovolt-amperes.6 后置的形容词短语作定语多The instrument present included some digital ones relative to DSP.1.4 rhetoric characteristic1 general present tense is in wide use.2 diagram .chart and formula are in wide use3 逻辑-语法作用多Although it is intangible,electricity can be measured in amount and quality.Once the switch is fully on ,the on-state voltage Uon will be on the order of a volt or so depending on the device,and it will be conducting a current Io.Chapter two specialized English translation2.1 types .standard.process and basic steps of translation1 types of translation 2 standard3 process:comprehension, expression, check. 4 stps2.2 lexical translation1 select meaning of words 英语词义比较灵活,词的涵义范围比较宽,富于变化,其词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性较小.words do not have meanings,people have meaning for words.1 according to type of words2 according occasion used such as:power3 according to 词的搭配习惯4 根据句子意思或主谓语的逻辑关系选择词义In order to develop our power industry,we must also lay stress on the development and construction of nuclear power station.This switch-mode power supply can develop 24V DC voltage.The development of new power electronic devices is very important to develop power electronic technology.5 根据名词的数选择词义 Noun meaning of singular meaning of plural device 意见,劝告 报道,消息dimension 尺寸,维数,量纲 面积,范围divider 分压器,除法器 两脚规function 函数,功能 任务,责任fundamental 基频,基音 基础,原理main 要点,主要部分 电力线,电网,电源scale 标度,尺度 天平,称installation 安装 装置2 词义的引申1 词义的转译Perhaps the only trouble with power transformer was that it was not small enough for some uses.The differences between single-board microcomputers and single-chip ones do not stop here.2 词义的具体化Other things being equal, copper wire is cheaper than aluminum one.3 词义的抽象化HVDC transmission does not know this problem.Three are three steps which must be taken,before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.4 词的搭配Such as: These vacuum tubes will see use in the output stage.3词量的变化1 增词Electronics is the science of the electrons电子学是研究电子的一门科学.Noises may develop in a worn engine。Most of the modern pumped storage power station utilize a reversible pump turbine。A force can set a body in motion。Having a lot of advantages, this imported foreign DC machine will eventually be displaced by home-made one.尽管这台进口直流电机有很多优点,但它总有一天会被国产直流电机取代.It will be seen that the processes above involve a change in either the magnitude or the direction of the current of the surge arrester。能够预见，上述过程不是涉及避雷针电流大小的变化，就是涉及其方向的变化2重复It is called classical one if control theory is based on input-output relationships；modern one if control theory is based on direct use of the differential equations themselves。Some students want to stop this test，but he prefer not to。Can you roughly give the static and dynamic characteristics about this power supply apparatus？你能大致给出这个电源装置的静态特性和动态特性吗?3减词In the past，to fly to the moon was out of the question。过去飞往月球是不可能的事情.In these days，to fly to the moon is out of question。现在飞往月球是不成问题的.The TV sets produced by our factory are good in quality and low in price.我厂生产的电视机物美价廉.The paper on computer control technology is thought of considerable value for reference.这篇有关计算机控制技术的论文被认为有相当大的参考价值.Because heat does not take up any room and it does not weigh anything, it is not material.热不占有任何空间,也没有什么重量,因此它不是物质.There are two kinds of new theories at present, neural network and wavelet ones, which are used in signal processing.目前有两种新理论,即神经网络理论和小波理论,它们都能用于信号处理.4 词序变动1 多个单个词汇都作前置定语2 多个单个副词作状语3复合词5 词性转换英语中名词使用较多，动词使用较少，一个简单句中只有一个谓语动词，其他动词应该是动词的非谓语形式而汉语中动词使用较多，而且英语中一词多义，一词多类现象极为普遍，因此，翻译时词类不能对等Communication satellites have found application in international live transmission of important events.通信卫星已经用来实况转播国际间的重要事件.The adoption of this new device will greatly down the harmonic content of voltages and current.采用这个新装置可大大降低电压和电流中的谐波含量.Are you familiar with the drawbacks of this type of operational amplifier.你熟悉这尖运算放大器弊端吗?Laser acts differently from light from common sources.激光的作用与普通光源发出的光不同.The resonant in a linear circuit means that the terminal voltage and current are in phase.线性电路中谐振的意思就是端电压与电流同相位.23 句子成份的翻译1 语序变动Current sources do not exist in nature。实际上不存在电流源.The triggering circuits to be described in this chapter are particularly useful.本章要介绍的这些触发电路特别有用.The branch of science，artificial intelligence，is developing rapidly。It is the best way imaginable.这是能想象出来的最好方法.The instruments present included some digital ones unexposed.到场的仪器中还有一些末公开的数字仪器.2 句子成份的转换Theory of wavelet transform is characterized by an extensive use of maths.The new devices feature wide work temperature range，low operation voltage and high reliability。新器件的特点是工作温度范围宽,工作电压低和可靠性高.The scale of the ammeter is read in ampere。This 150KW generator possesses an efficiency of 92 percent at full load.满载时,这台150千瓦发电机的效率是92%.Attention is necessary to prevent the electronic instrument from damaging.必须注意防止电子仪器损坏.3 句子成份分译There is a limit to higher transmission voltage which can be economically employed in a particular case。更高的输电电压有一个限度,从经济上看它在具体情况下是可采用的.The operation is adaptive in the sense that the tap-adjustment information is derived from the received data.抽头增益调节的信息是根据所接收的数据推导出来的.Two of the advantages of the transistor are its being very small in size and being able to be put close to each other without being overheated.晶体管有两大优点:一是体积小,二是能密集排布而不致过热.4 否定形式的转换一般否定:对谓语部分的否定；特殊否定:除谓语以外的其他成份的否定。1否定成份的转移Hydroelectric power generation uses no fuel.We dont consider that the phase shift is proportional to frequency.As we know,electricity can not be conducted by means of insulators.This version is not placed first because it is simple.The computer did not stop because switch was turned off.2 否定句转移为肯定句.We can not be too careful in doing experiment.The value of co-operation in developing the large electronic equipment cannot be overestimated.A synchronous condenser is nothing more than a synchronous machine running at synchronous speed with no mechanical load.3肯定句转移为否定句.It seldom makes much difference to users which winding or windings are tapped.Fuzzy control is all Greek to me.4 部分否定有些否定句是由all、every 、many、both、always和often等含有全体意义的词和否定词not构成的，表达的却是部分否定的意义。Not有时与谓语动词放在一起，也构成部分否定。Not all metal conductors are used as wires considering their cost.All materials are not good conductors of electricity.Each transistor in the box is not out of order.5 全部否定全部否定句可由none、neither、no、nor、not 、never、nothing、nobody、nowhere、nohow和neither-nor等否定词构成. None of these substances are not good conductors of electricity.There exist neither perfect insulators nor perfect conductors。6 双重否定英语中的双重否定通常照译为双重否定句，但有时也可译成肯定句。There is no one in our class but answers the Ohmlaw.There is nothing unexpected in the simulation investigation.There is no modern communication means that has not disadvantages.7 内容否定有些句子形式上肯定,内容上否定的句子.You must do anything but taking away this voltmeter.2.4 数量的翻译专业英语中常用一些有关的介词表示不确定数字的概念。如：over、towards、about、above、below、between、under and etc.In the first instance,the error is within 0.02Ma第3章 专业英语文献及其检索和阅读3.1专业文献的分类按载体形式分类1 印刷型文献（printed literature/document） 是指用纸张为媒体，以手写、石印、油印、铅印、影印等为手段来记录知识、信息，经过整理后形成的文献形式。2 微缩型文献（micro literature）只以感光材料为媒体，以缩微照相为记录手段所整理形成的文献形式，也称为微缩复制品。Such as：microfilm、microfiche、microcard and microprint。3 视听型文献以磁性材料或感光材料为存贮介质，借助特殊的机械设备，直接记录声音和图像，并通过视听设备存贮与播放信息知识的文献形式，又称声像型文献。Such as disc、magnetic tape、video tape、film and slide。4 机读型文献通过编码和程序设计，把文字、资源转换成数学语言和机器讲义，用磁性材料为存贮介质，以打字、穿空或光学字条款识别装置为记录手段，输入计算机，存贮在专用介质中，阅读时借助计算机将其内容按要求输出或阅读的一种文献。优点：信息存贮量大，查找文献快速方便。Such as ：punched card、tape、floppy disk、hard disk and CD-ROM。按加工深度分1 零次文献：非正式出版物或非正式渠道交流的文献。2 一次文献：科技人员根据科研成果、发明创造、工程应用实践和专业发展前景展望而撰写的各种论文或书籍。它是原始文献，是文献的主体，最基本的情报源，具体重要的参考和使用价值。如教材、专著、专业论文、研究报告、学位论文、会议文献、科技档案、技术标准、专利说明书的产品说明书等等。3二次文献：对各种不同形式的、分散的和无组织的一次文献，用一定的方法进行加工、归纳、整理、精简后组织而成的系统和便于查询的资料或文摘类文献。如书目、目录、题录、摘要、文摘、索引等检索工具。目的：便于专业科技人员迅速地跟踪和查询最新科研成果和科技动态。4 三次文献：利用二次文献检索的信息通过对一次文献检索后，在广泛了解和掌握一次文献内容的基础上，选用一次文献的内容，通过分析、概括、综合研究扩评价而编写和整理出来的文献，它可分为综述研究类和参考工具类两种。优点：它源于一次文献，又高于一次文献，属于一种再创性文献。它具有系统性好，综合性强，内容比较成熟，常常附有大量的参考文献，有时可作为查阅文献的起点。按出版类型分类1 科技图书（scientific and technical books）一般说来，有国际统一图书号（ISBN）、篇幅不小于50页的正式印刷品称为图书。篇幅不小于50页的图书严格意义上称为小册子（booklet）。科技图书类一般可分为阅读类图书（it include monograph、textbook、reference book、series of monograph and popular science readings）和工具类图书（it include dictionary、encyclopedia、annals or yearbook、mannual or handbook）。特点：所提供的理论、知识和内容大都比较成熟、经典、系统、全面、完整和可靠，但出版周期一般较长。2 科技期刊（journal or periodical）连续和定期出版发行的正式科技出版物称科技期刊。它采用固定的名称和统一的版式，有期刊号（中国国内统一期刊号CN和/或国际统一期刊号ISSN），卷册号（Vol.，一般按年度顺序编写）期号（No.，按每年度内各期的顺序编写）和年月号等。它有综合性（comprehensive）和专业性（specialized）两种。特点：出版周期短、报道文献快、品种多、数量大、能反映最新科研成果和科技水平以及研究动向。3、特种文献1 科技会议文献（proceedings）Such as：conference or congress meeting，symposium，colloquium，seminar，workshop，committee，convention，general assembly）.2 学位论文（thesis or dissertation）3 科技报告（report）it belongs to the first literature. 4 专利文献(patents):指发明者抽专利机构申请专利时呈交的一份技术文件，上面说明有发明目的、主要构成和实际应用效果，或指由专利机构公布出版或归档的所有与专利申请有关的第一手资料。一般说来，专利文献可反映出现代发展的最新应用水平，通过它可预测技术发展的趋势。5 政府出版物（official publications）6 标准文献（standard specification）：指关于产品和工程质量、规格、生产过程及其检验方法等的一种规范性技术文件。7 产品资料（production information）8 技术档案（archives）9 科技新闻（news）32 常用的国外文献检索工具1 检索工具的结构文献检索工具必须包括两个部分：文献描述项和索引项。1 文献描述项题录是所有的检索系统都应具备的基本内容，它包括文献标题、作者、作者工作单位、发表时间、文献来源（期刊、会议、专利等）、页码等重要信息。文摘：是对一篇文献的内容作的简略准确的描述。2 索引项2 综合性文献1、工程索引（The Engineering Index，EI or Ei）创刊于1884年，由美国工程索引公司编辑出版，它实际上是一种文摘性刊物，包含指明论文目的、方法、结果和应用的200字左右的指示性文摘。Ei的主要特点：内容广泛、数量大、质量较高、形式多样、检索方便。2 科学引文索引科学引文索引（Science Citation Index，SCI）创刊于1961年，是由美国费城的科学情报研究所（Institute for Science In
