高一英语 定语从句.doc

定语从句一、概念定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，还在从句中指代前面的先行词，并在从句中担任一定的成分。二、分类1. 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, (but, than)作主、宾、表、定(whose)。2. 关系副词：when, where, why, that 作时间、地点、原因状语。3. as引导: the same as, suchas, asas, soas. ，作主、宾、表语等。4. 介词 + 关系代词5. 限制性与非限制性三、重点掌握1. 关系代词和关系副词的选择2. 只用关系代词that，不用which，who，或whom的情况3. 不能用that引导的定从4. as和which引导非限定性定从的区别 四、定从 关系代词引导的定从1. 关系代词who，whom引导的代替人。who是主格, 定从中作主语，口语中可用who代替whom；whom是宾格，在定从中作宾语，在限制性定从中可以省略，介词后只用whom，不用who，但介词在句尾，两者都可用。Eg: This is the girl (who / whom) he worked with. This is the girl with whom he worked.2. 关系代词whose引导的whose 多指人,也可指物，指物时可与of which互换使用。whose是所有格，在定从中作定语。The house of which / whose window are broken is unoccupied.3. 关系代词which引导的 which指物。在定从中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。注：which除了指物以外，还可以指婴儿、动物，和表示单数意义的集合名词，还可以指人的地位、职业或品格。Eg: The audience which is composed of students is larger than ever.4. that引导的that指物或指人，在定从中作主、宾语，还可做表语。作定语和表语时可省。He is a man that / who means what he says.There are the pictuers that I took in Shanghai.5.只用that的情况当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none,few等不定代词时，定语从句常用that引导。He knew everything that happened in the village.(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句常用that引导。This is the most interesting film that has been produced in recent years. (3)当先行词被no，every，some，any，only，very，much，等限定词所修饰时，定语从句常用that引导。 This is the very book that I have been looking for.(4)当并列的两个先行词分别表示人与动物或人与物时，定语从句用that引导。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the sreeet.(5)主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句只能用that引导。Who is the person that is standing over there?(6)当关系代词在从句中作表语时，常用that。He does not seem to be the man that he was.(7)当定语从句为there be 句型时，从句主语的关系代词只能为that，经常可以省。 I know the difference that there is between you.6. 关系代词but和than引导的定语从句(1)but是具有否定意义的关系代词，代替人或物，相当于“that（或which，who）not”，用于no之后。There is no rule but has some exception / which has no some exceptions. There was no single student in my class but (who did not) learn a lot from him.(2)than可引导定语从句，代替带有形容词比较级修饰的名词，是具有比较意义的关系代词。在从句中兼当主语、宾语、表语用。He spends more money than he earns. 关系副词引导的定语从句1. 关系副词when，where，why引导的When，where，why引导的定语从句分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并分别在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。关系副词也可根据其在句中的搭配关系，转换成介词加关系代词的结构。That is the factory where (in which) I worked three years ago.2. that作关系副词引导的(1)that作关系副词常代替引导定语从句的关系副词when，where和why，而且往往可以省略。Well find some good place (that) well have a pinic.(2)当先行词是表示方式的the way时，关系从句通常不能用how来引导，应该用that或in which，或将它们全部省略掉。We admired the way he solved the problem. as 引导的定语从句以及与其他关系代词的比较1. as与其他词连接引导的定语从句as引导定语从句时，可指人也可指物，通常与the same，such，so等连用，形式为：the sameas，suchas，asas，soas。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。I lend you such books as will interest you. Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.2. the sameas和the samethat的用法不同在“the sameas和the samethat”中，as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”，指同一事物。This is (the very pen) that I lost yesterday.3. as和which引导非限定性定语从句的用法比较(1)which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，which和as都可指代整个主句意思，也可指代主句中的部分内容。He married her, as(which) was natural.(2)which引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于句首，而as引导的非限定性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可在句首、句末或句中。As was usual at the weekend, the club was almost empty. (3)当关系代词as在其引导的从句中充当主语时，谓语动词通常是be或其他系动词以及被动语态，此时如果as引导的定语从句不在句首，as和which可互换。The man was a teacher, as (which) was evident from his way of speaking.(4)as引导的定语从句常常含有“正如”之意，而which引导的定语从句常有归纳概括的意思，常译作“这”。As was expected, he performed the task with success. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号，是紧接着的，而且它们之间有着内在的密不可分的联系，如果省略了就会使整个主句没有意义。The authors who / whom / that he mentioned are well known.2.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开，而且两者之间的关系比较松散，只起补充说明的作用，即使省略了也不影响主句意义的完整。The clock, which my mother bought, is still in good order.3.使用非限制性定语从句时应注意的问题(1) that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。(2)在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语可以省略，但是在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 介词与关系代词连用引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是目前各类考试中常出现的测试点。通常情况下，介词放在关系代词前引导定语从句。但在口语或非正式文体中，介词位于句末，这时关系代词也可省略。The person with whom you talked is a famous writer.The person whom you talked with is a famous writer.2. 含有介词的短语动词与关系代词连用引导的定从Your inefficiency, which we have put up with far too long, is beginning to annoy our customers.3. of 与关系代词连用引导的定语从句 we found a house of which the roof had been damaged.we found a house the roof of which had been damaged.4. 名词/ 代词/ 形容词比较级或最高级/ 数词等 + 介词 + 关系代词 引导的The teacher asked us several questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating. 关系代词和关系副词的选择1. 要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分2. 要看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因3. 要看所引导的是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句This is a place which Ive long wanted to visit.I know of a place where we can swim.