各年龄学前儿童心理发展的主要特征.pdf

各年龄学前儿童心理发展的主要特征第一节人生的第一年（婴儿期）一、初生到满月从初生到满月，称为新生儿期。新生儿的主要特征（一）适应新生活胎内、胎外环境有什么区别？（二）依靠无条件反射新生儿适应变化了的环境，主要依靠低级中枢实现的本能活动，即无条件反射（也叫生来的反射）。新生儿的无条件反射主要有：吸吮反射、觅食反射、眨眼反射、怀抱反射、抓握反射、巴宾斯基反射、惊跳反射、击剑反射、迈步反射、游泳反射、巴布金反射、蜷缩反射等。1、吸吮反射（sucking reflex）接触儿童的嘴唇，就引起吸吮动作。吸吮反射是最强的反射之一，当新生儿开始吸吮时，其他活动都会被抑制。永久性，有利于喂食。2、防御反射(defensing reflex)儿童出生后的头几天就能对温度刺激或痛觉刺激产生泛化性的反应（刺激一处，全身反应）。3、定向反射(orientating reflex)又称探究反射，即“这是什么”的反射。儿童出生后不久，约在两周左右，就能对强烈的刺激（如强光或大声）产生定向反射（如眼睛转向光源或暂时停止吸吮动作）。以上几种无条件反射具有有关生活适应的生物学意义，还有一些无条件反射，没有明显的生物学意义，但可能在人类进化过程中，它们有过一定的生物适应意义。4、抓握反射(grasping reflex）又叫达尔文反射，任何物体与手掌有接触时就握住不放，甚至可以借助物体把身体悬挂起来。大约到第二个月时，这个反射就消失了。5、巴宾斯基反射(babinski reflex)轻轻地抓或刺激儿童的脚心时，就引起脚趾向上张开的动作，五个脚趾变成扇形。约在 8、9 个月时这个反射就逐渐消失了。6、惊跳反射(moro reflex)又叫摩罗反射，当新生儿突然失去支持或受到大声刺激时常常表现为惊恐状态，如双臂伸开，又迅速收回胸前，紧握拳头等。这个反射约在出生后四个月消失。7、游泳反射(swimming reflex)托住新生儿的腹部，他就会做出象游泳样的动作。这种反射可能是在种系发生过程中遗传下来的，与个体在母体内的液态环境有关。这种反射约在生后6个月以后消失。8、强直性颈反射(tonic neck reflex)又称击剑反射，当新生儿躺着时，把他的头转向左侧或右侧，就会伸出与与头转向一致的那个手，而把相反方向的手臂和腿蜷曲起来，仿佛摆出击剑者的姿势。实际上，这是婴儿吃奶最好的姿势。这个反射约在生后两至三个月消失。此外，还有其他一些无条件反射，如眨眼反射、瞳孔反射、吞咽反射、打嗝、喷嚏等。无条件反射是遗传的，是本能性的。它的适应性非常低，是形成条件反射的自然前提。近来研究发现新生儿的动作能力不仅限于这些先天的反射活动，该阶段的反射活动有40 多种，常见的就有20 多种。新生儿还具有躲避来物、够取物体和同步模仿与反应等动作能力。新生儿的无条件反射，在出生后的几个月里会逐渐消失。儿童的无条件反射是儿童最初学习的基础。无条件反射是一种本能活动，不是心理活动。（三）条件反射出现和心理发生1、条件反射对儿童最初生活的意义条件反射既是生理活动，又是心理活动。随着条件反射的出现，个体的心理活动也就产生了。2形成条件反射的基本条件（1）大脑皮质处于成熟健全而正常的状态（2）具备基础反射（3）条件刺激物适当的强度和出现的时间（4）条件刺激物和无条件刺激物多次结合3条件反射出现的时间与特点儿童出生后，开始训练儿童建立条件反射的时间越早，儿童条件反射出现的时间也就越早。4心理的发生儿童出生后第 1 个月，心理已经发生。（四）认识世界和人际交往的开始1、认识世界的开始儿童最初对外界的认知活动，突出表现在感觉的发生和视觉、听觉的集中上。2人际交往的开端 社会性的需要儿童生活在人类社会，从一开始就表现出和他人交往的需要。生后第一个月，孩子逐渐出现和母亲的“眼睛对话”新生儿吃饱睡足以及情绪不安时看见人脸会暂时地发生愉快的情绪反应。二、满月到半岁从满月到半岁，称为婴儿早期。（一）视觉和听觉迅速发展满月后，婴儿会主动寻找视听目标。4 个月的婴儿逐渐能够分辨不同人的声音。半岁之前，由于动作刚刚开始发展所以此时儿童认识周围事物主要依靠视觉和听觉。（二）定向反射的作用增加定向反射是大脑对一定客观事物反映而产生的与之相应的心理态势。（三）手眼协调动作开始发生手眼协调动作，是指眼和手的动作能够配合，手的运动能够和眼球运动 视线一致，按照视线去抓住所看见的东西。（四）开始认生56 个月的孩子开始认生，这是儿童认识能力发展过程中的重要变化。文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3三、半岁到周岁半岁到周岁称婴儿晚期。（一）身体动作迅速发展动作发生的时间可以追溯到胎儿期。刚满 2 个月的胎儿就可以利用头或臀的旋转使身体离开刺激（即最早的胎动）；3 个月的胎儿已出现巴宾斯基反射和其它类似吸吮反射及抓握反射的活动。胎儿在 5 个月后逐渐获得了防御反射、吞咽反射、眨眼反射和强直性颈反射等对其生命有重要作用和价值的本能动作。1儿童动作发展的规律（1）从整体动作到局部、准确、专门化的动作。（2）从上部动作到下部动作“首尾规律”（3）从中央部分的动作到边缘部分的动作。（4）从大肌肉动作到小肌肉动作。（5）从无意动作到有意动作。2坐、爬、站、走的发展（二）手的动作开始形成1五指分工动作的发展2双手配合3摆弄物体4重复连锁动作（三）语言开始萌芽满半岁之后婴儿喜欢发出各种声音，并会用不同的声音招呼别人。将近 1 岁会用单词招呼别人，但能说出的词还是极少的。（四）依恋关系日益发展第二节36 岁（幼儿期学前期）从 3 岁到 6 岁，是进入小学之前的时期，故称为学前期或幼儿期。一、34 岁34 岁是学前初期，也是幼儿园小班的年龄。其主要特点是：1.生活范围扩大2.认识依靠行动3.情绪作用大4.爱模仿二、45 岁45 岁是学前中期，也是幼儿园中班的年龄。其主要特点是：1.活泼好动2.思维具体形象3.开始接受任务4.开始自己组织游戏（三）56 岁56 岁是学前晚期，也是幼儿园大班的年龄。其主要特点是：1.好问、好学2.抽象能力明显萌发文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 HE5Q8O10C7Q8 ZP2O6H4M3S3文档编码:CM1S10U10S5G8 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