发生在肺内的气体交换(生物教案).pdf

1/6下载文档可编辑初二生物实验测量胸围差教学目标：知识目标：外界气体进入人体组织细胞的过程；肺与外界进行气体交换的过程；肺泡与血液进行气体交换的过程；能力目标：学会测量胸围差的方法，了解自己的胸围差；教学重点：外界气体进入人体组织细胞的过程；肺与外界进行气体交换的过程；肺泡与血液进行气体交换的过程；教学难点：外界气体进入人体组织细胞的过程；肺与外界进行气体交换的过程；呼吸过程中膈肌的运动；肺泡与血液进行气体交换的过程；教学准备：挂图，模拟呼吸运动装置；教学方法：讲述法，讨论法，演示法；课时安排：2 课时；-第 1 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-2/6下载文档可编辑教学过程：【复习上堂课内容】师：上堂课我们学习了呼吸系统的组成及功能，请同学们想一想，呼吸系统由哪几个部分组成？生：呼吸系统由呼吸道和肺构成，呼吸道又由鼻、咽、喉、气管和支气管 五个部分构成。师：鼻、咽、喉、气管和支气管各有些什么样的功能呢？生：鼻：鼻毛、黏膜温暖、湿润、清洁空气；咽：气体的通道；呼吸道喉：气体的通道、发声器官声带位于喉部；气管：纤毛、腺细胞湿润、清洁空气；支气管：气体的通道；【导入新课】师：外界空气会由呼吸道会进入到肺部，再会经由肺部进入到人体的组织细胞。但是，为什么外界的气体会进入到肺部呢？外界气体进入肺部后，又发生了一些怎样的变化呢？这就是我们本堂课要学习的内容第二节发生在肺内的气体交换。【新课讲授】师：人体是如何将气体吸入的？大家可以各抒己见，谈谈自己的想法。学生讨论。-第 2 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 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ZZ2W5J8Y4L103/6下载文档可编辑师：事实上，在我们呼吸的过程中，胸廓的容积是有规律地变化的，这种变化是否与何种原因迫使外界气体进入有关呢？师：我们先来看看书P47实验：测量胸围差。通过测量胸围差，我们可以较准确地判断胸廓的容积是否发生了变化？发生了怎样的变化？学生实验。附：实验讨论题答案：1.同学间的胸围差有差异。这同性别、年龄以及是否经常锻炼等有关系。2.胸围差不能完全代表胸腔容积的变化。膈顶部的下降和回升使胸腔的上下径发生变化，也可以影响胸廓的容积。师：人在呼吸的过程中，胸廓的容积会发生相应的变化。吸气时，胸廓的容积变大；呼气时，胸廓的容积变小。使得胸廓容积发生变化的原因只要有两个：一，肋间肌的收缩和舒张使得胸廓的前后径和左右径变小和变大（肋间外肌收缩，肋骨和胸骨向上提升，胸廓的前后径和左右径都延长，肋间外肌收缩越强，肋骨的提升将越高，胸廓的前后距离越加大；肋间内肌的肌纤维斜行方向与肋间外肌相反，当其收缩时，是肋骨更向下斜，使胸廓前后、左右径均缩小）。二，膈的收缩和舒张使得胸廓的上下径扩大和缩小。在吸气时，膈肌收缩，膈顶部下降，使胸廓的上下径增大。呼吸时，正好相反，膈肌舒张，膈顶部回升，胸廓的上下径缩小（膈 也叫横膈 ，介于-第 3 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 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中心腱。当膈肌收缩时，中心腱移动不大，而两侧穹窿突起则向周围降落。膈肌收缩越强，横膈位置越低，中心腱也明显下降。膈肌舒张时，腹壁收敛迫使腹腔内脏回复原状，膈肌穹窿顶重向上，使胸腔上下径缩小）。师：胸廓的变化和呼吸有什么关系呢？是由于胸廓扩大导致吸气，还是因为吸气后师胸廓扩大？师：同学们可以看看书P49的演示实验，想一想气球在什么情况下胀大？在什么情况下回缩？学生代表上台做这个实验，学生讨论。学生回答：在把橡皮膜向上顶时，气球回缩；挪开手橡皮膜向下缩时，气球胀大。师：再想一想，游过泳的同学一般会有这样的体会，在刚下水的时候，如果水超过胸部，你会感觉到呼吸有些吃力。这是为什么？古代有些女子将胸部和腰部束得很紧，以保持苗条的身材，但是呼吸受到影响，体质下降。综合这几个例子，你能否得出胸廓扩张与呼吸的关系吗？学生讨论。生：胸廓扩大导致吸气。师：为什么胸廓扩大会导致吸气呢？师：一个容器中的气体，在温度不变的情况下，如果气体的总量没有改变，当容器的容积增大时气体压力就小，容积缩小时气体压力就大。胸廓也是这样，当气体压力低于外界压力时空气就会被吸入；当气体-第 4 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 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ZZ2W5J8Y4L105/6下载文档可编辑压力高于外界压力时空气就会被压出。肺富有弹性，当肋骨间的肌肉和膈肌的收缩使得胸腔容积扩大时，肺便扩张，肺内的气体压力相应缩小，于是气体就被吸入。当肋骨间的肌肉和膈肌舒张使得胸廓容积缩小时，肺便收缩，肺内的气体压力相应增大，于是气体就被排出。师：这也就是气体扩散原理：气体总是会由气压高（浓度高）的地方流向气压低（浓度低）的地方。师：气体进入肺以后发生了什么变化呢？师：请同学们看书P50资料分析。学生讨论。师：可见，呼出的气体与吸入的气体相比，氧气的含量减少，二氧化碳的含量增加。这种变化是如何发生的呢？师：肺泡的外面包绕着丰富的毛细血管。肺泡壁和毛细血管壁都是一层扁平的上皮细胞，当你吸气时，许许多多的肺泡像小气球似地鼓了起来，空气中的氧气透过肺泡壁和毛细血管壁进入血液；同时，血液中的二氧化碳也透过这毛细血管壁和肺泡壁进入肺泡，然后随着呼吸的过程排出体外。师：进入血液中的氧，通过血液循环输送到全身各处的组织细胞中。想想看，氧最后是在细胞中的什么部位被利用的？生：线粒体。师：氧气由外界进入，最终被人体的组织细胞利用，需要经历四个阶段：1，吸气，含氧气较多的空气进入肺；-第 5 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L106/6下载文档可编辑2，由于气体扩散原理，氧气由肺泡进入肺泡周围的毛细血管中；3，氧气随血液流经全身；4，由于气体扩散原理，氧气由血液进入到组织细胞中，最终为细胞利用。师：请一位同学参照以上四点，说出二氧化碳最开始由组织细胞产生，到最终排出体外要经历的几个阶段。生：1，组织细胞利用氧气合成二氧化碳；2，由于气体扩散原理，二氧化碳由组织细胞进入到组织细胞周围的毛细血管中；3，二氧化碳随血液流到肺泡周围的毛细血管中；4，由于气体扩散原理，二氧化碳由血液进入肺泡，最后由于呼气，被排出体外。师：气体由肺泡到达血液中，要穿透几层膜？由组织细胞中到达血液，要穿透几层膜？生：分别是 3 和 4 层。师：做课后练习。（学习的目的是增长知识，提高能力，相信一分耕耘一分收获，努力就一定可以获得应有的回报）-第 6 页，共 6 页精品p d f 资料 可编辑资料-文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10文档编码:CG9P5E3C5Y5 HG8N3K1O5T2 ZZ2W5J8Y4L10