2022年2020届中考化学一轮复习单元基础知识梳理：第2单元我们周围的空气知识总结2 .pdf

1 第二单元我们周围的空气一、空气1、空气的成分：200 多年前法国化学家拉瓦锡在前人工作的基础上通过定量实验得出空气是由氧气和氮气组成的结论，并得出其中氧气约占空气总体积的1/5；按体积分数计算：氮气 78%，氧气 21%，稀有气体（氦、氖、氩、氪、氙）0.94%，二氧化碳 0.03%，其他气体和杂质0.03%；2、空气主要成分的性质及用途：氧气的用途：支持呼吸登山、潜水、航空、航天、医疗；支持燃烧炼钢、气焊、气割、航天。氮气的性质和用途：性质氮气是一种无色无味，难溶于水，密度比空气略小的气体，沸点比氧气要低（工业利用这一点分离液态空气制取氧气），常温下稳定，氮气不支持燃烧也不供给呼吸，氮气不参与人体的新陈代谢；用途合成氨制氮肥、制造硝酸、保护气（焊接，食品，白炽灯泡）、医疗冷冻麻醉、超导材料。稀有气体的性质和用途：性质稀有气体是氦、氖、氩、氪、氙等气体的总称，它们都是无色无味的气体，通常情况下，稀有气体的化学性质非常稳定，极难和其它物质发生化学反应，因此稀有气体又称惰性气体，稀有气体在通电时会发出有色的光。用途保护气（焊接，灯泡）、多用途电光源、激光、低温、麻醉。3、空气污染及保护：污染物：有害气体（SO2、NO2、CO）和烟尘2 防治：有害气体处理后再排放，防止工业三废的随意排放，植树造林、加强大气质量监测、使用清洁能源。二、氧气1、性质：物理性质无色无味的气体，不易溶于水，密度比空气略大，液氧、固氧呈淡蓝色，固态为雪花状；化学性质氧气的化学性质比较活泼,能够与多种物质发生化学反应，能使带火星的木条复燃（检验氧气的方法），具有助燃性和氧化性。2、氧气的实验室制法：原理：分解过氧化氢溶液或加热高锰酸钾、氯酸钾和二氧化锰的混合物等含氧物质。2KClO3 2KCl+3O2；2H2O2 2H2O+O2；2KMnO4 K2MnO4+MnO2+O2；反应装置：分为发生装置和收集装置。收集方法：排水集气法，向上排空气法。3、氧气的工业制法：分离液态空气利用各组份的沸点不同。三、相关实验1、空气中氧气体积分数的测定（红磷燃烧实验）：涉及反应：4P+5O2点燃2P2O5广口瓶中加入少量水防止集气瓶底炸裂；检查整个装置的气密性后，将 c 处的止水夹夹紧；红磷要足量，以利于将氧气耗尽；点燃红磷后，迅速插入左边的广口瓶中并把瓶塞塞紧，防止红磷在集气瓶外损耗，导致红磷量不足，同时也防止气体散逸到空气中去；观察红磷燃烧时最明显的现象是：MnO2 MnO2 文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R63 产生大量白烟，待燃烧停止，整个装置冷却至室温后，将c 处的止水夹打开，会观察到烧杯中的水进入广口瓶，大约占剩余体积的1/5。实验成败的关键主要有以下几点：a、装置气密性要好；b、可燃物要能在空气中燃烧，且燃烧不能有气体生成；c、可燃物要稍过量；d、操作要迅速；e、反应后气体要冷却至室温。2、硫在氧气中燃烧：要注意在集气瓶底放置少量的水，用于吸收反应产生的二氧化硫。3、铁丝在氧气中燃烧：铁丝要打磨光亮；铁丝要绕成螺旋状，为了聚集热量、提高温度；待火柴快要燃尽时才能插入集气瓶中；插入集气瓶时要从上向下缓慢地插入；集气瓶底要事先放置少量的水或沙（防止溅落的高温熔化物炸裂瓶底）；燃烧的铁丝要注意不要碰到集气瓶内壁。4、实验室制取氧气：实验步骤：a、连接仪器，检查装置气密性；b、添加药品；c、预热并用酒精灯外焰加热；d、收集气体；e、取出导管，停止加热。注意事项：a、要用酒精灯外焰加热；b、试管口要略微向下倾斜，防止冷凝水倒流导致试管炸裂；c、用高锰酸钾时要在试管口塞一团棉花，防止高锰酸钾堵塞导管；d、导管口不能伸入试管内过长，防止气体不易导出；e、试管外壁要保持干燥；f、加热前要先预热；g、待气泡均匀连续地冒出时才能收集，防止收集到的气体不纯；h、停止加热时应先取出导管，再熄灭酒精灯，防止水槽中的水倒流至试管中导致试管炸裂。5、不同物质在氧气中燃烧：文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R64 所涉及反应：2Mg+O2点燃2MgO；4P+5O2点燃2P2O5；C+O2点燃CO2；S+O2点燃SO2；2Hg+O22HgO；3Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4所涉及现象：木炭在空气中红热，在氧气中发出白光，两种情况均无火焰，都放出热量，都生成能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的无色气体。铁在空气中缓慢氧化，生成红褐色物质；在氧气中剧烈燃烧，火星四射，生成黑色固体，放出大量的热，两种情况均无火焰。硫在空气中发出微弱的淡蓝色火焰；在氧气中燃烧得更旺，发出蓝紫色火焰。两种情况均放出热量，产生一种有刺激性气味的气体。磷在空气中有大量白烟生成,并放出热。四、相关概念：1、纯净物：宏观上由一种物质组成，微观上由同种分子或原子构成。2、混合物：宏观上由两种或两种以上纯净物组成，微观上由多种分子或原子构成。（这些物质相互间不反应，混合物里各物质都保持原来的性质）3、催化剂：能改变其他物质的化学反应速率，而本身质量和化学性质在反应前后都没有发生变化的物质。（二氧化锰、一些金属氧化物等）4、化合反应：由两种或两种以上物质生成另一种物质的反应。5、分解反应：由一种反应物生成两种或两种以上其它物质的反应。6、氧化反应：物质与氧发生的反应。提供氧的为氧化剂，氧气是最典型的氧化剂。7、缓慢氧化：进行地很慢的氧化反应，不易被察觉，放热但不发光。8、比较剧烈氧化与缓慢氧化相同点不同点举例剧烈氧化有氧气参加，都发光，剧烈红磷燃烧文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 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ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R65 缓慢氧化发生氧化反应，都放出热量不发光，缓慢不易擦觉动植物呼吸、酒和醋的酿造、农家肥料的腐熟、食物腐败文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 ZG8B8X7N8R6文档编码:CZ10Z5O2H8J4 HU3E8T6P7Q5 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