2022年2022年中考化学《酸碱盐》知识点总结 .pdf

酸-碱-盐知识点总结一、酸、碱、盐的组成酸是由氢元素和酸根组成的化合物如：硫酸（H2SO4）、盐酸（HCl）、硝酸(HNO3)碱是由金属元素和氢氧根组成的化合物如：氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙、氨水（NH3H2O）盐是由金属元素元素（或铵根）和酸根组成的化合物如：氯化钠、碳酸钠酸、碱、盐的水溶液可以导电（原因：溶于水时离解形成自由移动的阴、阳离子）二、酸1、浓盐酸、浓硫酸的物理性质、特性、用途浓盐酸浓硫酸颜色、状态“纯净”：无色液体工业用盐酸：黄色（含 Fe3+）无色粘稠、油状液体气味有刺激性气味无特性挥发性(敞口置于空气中，瓶口有白雾)吸水性脱水性强氧化性腐蚀性用途金属除锈制造药物人体中含有少量盐酸，助消化金属除锈浓硫酸作干燥剂生产化肥、精炼石油2、酸的通性（具有通性的原因：酸离解时所生成的阳离子全部是H+）（1）与酸碱指示剂的反应：使紫色石蕊试液变红色，不能使无色酚酞试液变色（2）金属+酸 盐+氢气（3）碱性氧化物 +酸 盐+水（4）碱+酸 盐+水（5）盐+酸 另一种盐 +另一种酸（产物符合复分解条件）3、三种离子的检验试剂Cl-AgNO3 及 HNO3SO42-Ba(NO3)2及 HNO3HCl 及 BaCl2CO32-HCl 及石灰水三、碱1、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钙的物理性质、用途氢氧化钠氢氧化钙颜色、状态白色固体，极易溶于水（溶解放热）白色粉末，微溶于水俗名烧碱、火碱、苛性钠（具有熟石灰、消石灰文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6强腐蚀性）制法Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3=CaCO3+2NaOH CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2用途氢氧化钠固体作干燥剂化工原料：制肥皂、造纸去除油污：炉具清洁剂中含氢氧化钠工业：制漂白粉农业：改良酸性土壤、配波尔多液建筑：2、碱的通性（具有通性的原因：离解时所生成的阴离子全部是OH-）（1）碱溶液 与酸碱指示剂的反应：使紫色石蕊试液变蓝色，使无色酚酞试液变红色（2）酸性氧化物+碱 盐+水（3）酸+碱 盐+水（4）盐+碱 另一种盐+另一种碱（反应物均可溶，产物符合复分解条件）注：难溶性碱受热易分解（不属于碱的通性）如 Cu(OH)2 CuO+H2O 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3+3H2O 常见沉淀：AgCl BaSO4 Cu(OH)2 F e(OH)3 Mg(OH)2 BaCO3 CaCO3复分解反应的条件：当两种化合物互相交换成分，生成物中有沉淀或有气体或有水生成时，复分解反应才可以发生。五、酸性氧化物与碱性氧化物酸性氧化物碱性氧化物定凡能与碱反应生成盐和水的凡能与酸反应生成盐和水文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6义氧化物大多数非金属氧化物是酸性氧化物大多数酸性氧化物是非金属氧化物的氧化物大多数金属氧化物是碱性氧化物所有碱性氧化物是金属氧化物化学性质（1）大多数可与水反应生成酸CO2+H2O=H2CO3SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4（1）少数可与水反应生成碱Na2O+H2O=2NaOH K2O+H2O=2KOH BaO+H2O=Ba(OH)2CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2(2)酸性氧化物+碱 盐+水CO2+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3+H2O(不是复分解反应)(2)碱性氧化物+酸 盐+水Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O 四、中和反应溶液酸碱度的表示法pH 1、定义：酸与碱作用生成盐和水的反应2、应用：（1）改变土壤的酸碱性（2）处理工厂的废水（3）用于医药3、溶液酸碱度的表示法pH（1）0 14 酸性增强中性碱性增强文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6（2）pH的测定：最简单的方法是使用pH试纸用玻璃棒（或滴管）蘸取待测试液少许，滴在pH试纸上，显色后与标准比色卡对照，读出溶液的pH（读数为整数）（3）酸雨：正常雨水的pH约为 5.6（因为溶有 CO2）pH5.6的雨水为酸雨文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6文档编码:CG2T6W4B5J10 HC2V1O10F3L10 ZM8O1Y9W10R6