初中英语近义词、同义词、词组、短语辨析大全.docx
初中英语近义词、同义词、词组、短语辨析大全A 1.at the momentin a momentfor a momentat the moment=right now"此时此刻",用于现在时。in a moment = very soon “很快,立即”,一般用于将来时的句子。for a moment “此刻,一会儿”表示时间的延续。例 He is out at the moment.此刻他不在家。I will come back in a moment.我一会儿就回来。Hold on for a moment.请稍候。.2a few/ few(1)a few, few 用来修饰可数名词。(2)a few “有一些”,表示肯定概念,few 几乎没有,表示否定意义。例 The man has been here for many years, so he has a few friends.这个人在这里住了很多年了,他有一些朋友。I am a new comer here, so I have few friends here.我刚来到这里,所以我在这里没有几个朋友。. 3a little/ little(1) a little, little 用于修饰不可数名词。(2) a little “有一些”,表示肯定概念。little “几乎没有”,表示否定概念。例 There is a little water in the glass.杯子里有一些水。There is little water in the glass, so you cant drink any.杯子里几乎没有水了,你不可能喝到水了。. 4across / through二者都有“通过,穿过”的意思,都是介词,但“through“与空间有关,即一个人或物体从某空间之间穿过,如:Look out through the window, please.请从窗口往外看。We have to walk through the gate to go into the factory.我们要走进这家工厂必须走过这一扇大门。across也是“通过”、“跨过”,一般与位移的平面有关,即从一个平面的一头走到或越到另一头。如:If you walk across the square, you will see the hotel there.如果你走到广场的另一端,你就看到旅馆了。Be careful when you walk across the street.过马路时要小心。注意:cross是及物动词而across是介词。ago / beforeago 只用于一般过去时,表示从现在算起的一段时间以前。例He died two years ago.他是两年前去世的。before 后接“时间点”,可用于任何时态;它也可放在“时间段”后,用于完成时或一般过去时。例I got there before 5 oclock.我五点钟前到达那里。I never saw him before.我以前没见过他。He had done it two days before.他两天前就做过此事。. 6. already / yet/still(1) already 意为“已经”,常用于肯定句,与完成时和进行时连用为多。用于疑问句时表示问话人持怀疑、惊异的态度。如:Is it Sunday already? 已经到星期天啦?I have already finished it.我已经做完了。(2)yet 通常用于疑问句和否定句,在疑问句中作“已经”解,在否定句中作“还”、“尚未”解。如:I havent learned it yet.我还不知此事。Has he come yet? 他还没有来?(表疑问). 7arrive / reach/ get(1) arrive vi.arrive + in + 大地方(国家、城市等)arrive + at + 小地方(村庄、车站、码头等)He arrived in Nanning last week. 他上星期来到南宁。(2) get vi.get to + 名词When did you get to the station yesterday? 你昨天什么时候到达火车站?reach vt.reach + 名词Please write to me when you reach Beijing.你到北京后请给我写信。当reach、arrive、get后接地点副词here、there、home时,不能后接任何介词。如:I got/ arrive/ reached home late yesterday.我昨天很晚才到家。. 8. agree with/ agree on/ agree to(1)agree with(sb.)表示“与意见一致”。I dont agree with you. 我不同意你的意见。(2)agree to(sth.)宾语一般为suggestion、plan等,“同意计划、安排”。We all agreed to your plan. 我们同意你的计划。(3)agree on 表示“双方就.达成一致协议”。China and the U.S.A. agreed on the place and time for the next meeting.中美双方就下次会议的时间、地点问题达成了协议。. 9. a bit/ a little二者都有“一点儿”的意思,用法上既有相同点,也有不同点。(1)相同点:都用来修饰形容词、副词及其比较级,也可修饰动词。Get up a bit/ a little earlier, and you will see the star.起早一点你就会看到星星了。(2)不同点:a little+不可数名词,a bit of+不可数名词He ate a little food/ a bit of food this morning.他今天早上吃了一点食物。a little 与a bit 和否定词连用,意义大不相同。not a little 很,非常; not a bit 一点也不从B.1by the way/ on the way/ in the way(1)by the way 常用作状语,意为“顺便问一下”,“顺便说一下”。(2)on the way “在的路上”,后接名词时需加介词to,后接副词home、here、there时不加to。(3)in the way “挡路、妨碍”。例Your car is in the way.你的小汽车挡路了。He bought a pen on his/ the way to school.他在上学的路上买了一枝钢笔。By the way, how old are you? 顺便问一下,你多大了?. 2. be afraid/ be afraid of/ be afraid for(1)be afraid意为“害怕”,如果后接宾语从句,意为“恐怕”,用来表示常有歉意的回话或引出令人不满意的消息。I am afraid I cant help you.我恐怕帮不了你的忙。(2)be afraid of+名词/代词/动名词,意为“害怕某人/做某事”,往往指长期具有的心理状态。I am afraid of going out at night.我害怕晚上出去。be afraid for后习惯接表示人的代词,表示“替某人担心”。如:I am afraid for you.我替你担心。. 3. be made of/be made in/be made by这三个短语都是及物动词make的被动结构,其后所接介词的不同,其所表达的意义就不同:be made of 后接的是表示材料的名词,“由组成”。The desk is made of wood.(2)be made in 后接的是表示地点的名词,“由制造”。The computer is made in China.这台电脑是中国制造的。(3)be made by 后接的名词是人,即“是由来制作(造)的”。This ship is made by us Chinese.这艘船是我们中国人制造的。. 4. between/ among这两个词都有“在之间(中)”的意思,但用法不同:(1)between用于表示双方之间的关系,不论双方的数目是多少。The train runs between Beijing and Nanning.火车在北京和南宁两地间运行。There is a tree between the two houses.这两座房子之间有一棵树。(2)among后接人或物必须是三个或三个以上,在一群、一组或一个整体中间。如:I saw him among the crowd.我看见他在人群中。London is among the greatest cities of the world.伦敦是世界上最大的城市之一。. 5. borrow / lend(1)二者都有“借”的意思,使用时应注意以谁为中心的问题,borrow是以“我”为中心,“借进”的意思,常与from连用。如:Ive borrowed two books from the library.我从图书馆借了2本书。(2)lend是以“你”为中心,意为“借出”,常跟介词to搭配。如:Can you lend your dictionary to me? 能借你的字典给我吗?(3)这二者都可有这样的结构:borrow sb. sth; lend sb. sth. 6. bring / take/ fetch/ carry(1)bring意为“带来”,指把某物从别的地方带到说话时的这个地方来。如:Remember to bring your book tomorrow.记住明天把你的书带来。(2)take意为“带走”,即把某物带到别的地方去。Its going to rain. Youd better take an umbrella with you.要下雨了。你最好带上一把雨伞。(3)fetch意为“去取来某物”,它包括一个往返的过程。如:Will you go and fetch some water?你去取一点水来,好吗?(4)carry一般指“随身携带的细小物品”,此外还多用于汽车、火车等交通工具意为“运载”的意思。如:He always carries a pocket dictionary with him.他总是随身携带一本袖珍字典。The bus carried me to the park yesterday.昨天公共汽车把我拉到了公园。. 7. beat / win(1) beat vet. 后接的宾语一般为人或相当于人的名词,“打败”,“赢了”;也经常用于被动语态。如:We beat Class Four in the football match yesterday.昨天足球赛我们打败了四班队。Class Four was beaten in the football match yesterday.四班足球队昨天被打败了。(2) win vt. 一般后接物或比赛作宾语,少用被动语态。如:We won the football game.我们赢得了足球赛的胜利。(3)win 短语:win a game 赢得比赛(游戏)win a gold medal 赢得金牌win a prize 获奖win the war 赢得了战争的胜利 win sb. over 把某人争取过来,说服某人. 8. by/ with/ inby、with、in都可以表示使用“工具”、“手段”。它们的区别是:by表示“以方式(方法、手段)”和“乘坐某种交通工具”;with指“借助于具体的手段和工具”;in表示“以方式”,“用某种语言”。例He goes to school by bike.他骑自行车上学。Jim is climbing the tree with a ladder.吉姆用梯子爬树。Can you say it in English? 你能用英语说它吗?. 9. be used for/ be used as/ be used by(1)be used for 在这个短语中,介词for表用途,即“用来作”。A pen is used for writing.笔是用来书写的。(2)be used as 在这个短语中,介词as表身份或工具,即“被用作”。English is used as a useful tool in our country.在我国英语被作为一个有用的工具来使用。(3)be used by 短语中,介词by后接使用的执行者,“为所使用”之意。English is used by travelers and business people all over the world.英语被世界上旅游者和商人所使用。. 10. besides/ except(1)besides与except用于肯定句时,except意为“除之外(不再有)”;besides意为“除之外(还有)”。试比较:I have another blue pen besides this one.除了这枝外,我还有另一枝蓝色钢笔。(1+1,共2枝)We all passed the exam except Tom.我们都通过了考试,汤姆除外。(整体中汤姆一人不及格)(2)except前几乎总有all、any、every、no及其复合词等词。He answered all the questions except the last one.除了最后一个问题没答外,其余问题他都答了。(3)except后接名词、代词、动名词和原形动词,这时except=but;但except后跟副词、介词短语时,不能用but代替。如:The window is never open except in summer.这扇窗户从来不开,除夏季外。He did nothing except/ but clean the house.他只是打扫了房子。. 11. both / all这是一组代词,也可以作形容词,但要正确使用它们,必须区别他们所指的范围。(1)both指“两者都”(=2),其否定应为neither。His two brothers are both workers. 他的两个兄弟都是工人。They both work in our school. 他们俩都在我们学校上班。both的位置:系动词be后,实义动词前。(2)all指“三个或三个以上都”,否定应为none。The students all work hard.学生们都很用功。They are all here today.他们今天都在这里。They are all strangers. I know none of them.他们全是陌生人,他们当中我一个都不认识。. 12.be angry with/ be angry about/ be angry at(1)be angry with 后只能跟表“人”的名词或代词,意思是“生某人的气”,其后常跟一个表原因的介词for。The teacher was angry with me for my coming late.老师因为我来晚生气了。(2)be angry at = be angry about意思是“因某事而愤怒”。at或about后只能接表“事物”的名词。如:He is angry with/ about small things.他常为一些小事生气。He was angry about/ at missing the film.他为错过那场电影而生气。从C.1. can / be able to(1)can表示“本能”或能够,有一般时和过去时,后接动词原形一起构成谓语。I can sing the English song.我会唱这首英语歌。A baby can cry when it is hungry.婴儿饿的时候会哭闹。(2)be able to 后接动词原形,表示“能够”,多指一个人经过后天的努力从而获取的一种“能力”,有各种时态。If you work hard, you will be able to master English.只要你努力,你一定能掌握好英语的。. 2. catch a cold/ have a cold一般情况下,这两个短语都表示“得了感冒,患了感冒”但有所侧重:(1)catch a cold 强调动作。如:Its cold outside. Go into the house or you will catch a cold.外面冷。到房间里去吧,不然你会感冒的。(2)have a cold 强调状态。I have had a cold for several days and I cant get rid of it.我感冒已经好几天了,可还是好不了。从D.1. die/ dead/ dying/ death(1)die 是终止性动词,不用于被动语态。He has died.他死了。He died five weeks ago.他五周前死的。(2)dead是形容词,表状态,可以跟表示延续的时间状语连用。His grandfather has been dead for five years.他的祖父去世已经有五年了。(3)death是名词。He was sentenced to death.他被判处死刑。(4)dying意为“要死了”,是现在分词。试比较:a dead dog 一条死(了的)狗a dying dog 一条“濒临死亡”的狗初中常见的die短语:die from/ of 因而死从E.1. else/ other(1)else可作形容词或副词,作形容词时,常放在疑问代词、不定代词之后作后置定语;作副词时也要后置。如:What else did you do? 你还做了些什么?She has nothing else to say.她没有别的什么可说了。(2)other作形容词时,用于修饰名词或某些代词,但必须前置。如:Where are the other comrades? 其他的同志在哪里?I want some other books.我还要另外一些书。(3)else后可带-s, other不能。Who elses bike can this be?这还可能是其他什么人的自行车呢?. 2. ever / once这两个词都可解作“曾经”,但它们各自表示的时间含义不同。(1)ever表示“到现在为止以前的任何时候”,用于现在完成时的句子,主要用于疑问句。如:Have you ever been to Beijing? 你去过北京吗?(2)once表示“过去某一时候”或“过去某段时间”,多用于一般过去时态的陈述句中。如:I once went to London with my father.我曾经和我父亲去过伦敦。注意:once作为“一次”解时,表频率,可用于完成时。I have been there once.我去过那里一次。从F.1. far / awayfar和away都有“远”的意思,两者的区别在于:(1)far指抽象距离的远,away指具体距离的远。如:The farm is very far from here.农场离这很远。The station is five kilometers away from here.火车站离这里5千米远。(2)far可用于疑问句,否定句中表距离,而away不可。如:-How far is your school? 你的学校有多远?-Not far. Only 100 meters away.不远,只有100米。. 2. fast / quick/ quickly(1) fast adj. / adv. 有“快”的意思,通常指“行走、跑、唱、跳”等动作的快慢。He runs faster than I.他比我跑得快。(2) quick adj. 有“迅速”之意,指对某一问题反映的速度。He gave me a quick answer.他迅速地回答我的问题。(3)quickly指接到某种口令时,做动作的速度。Go downstairs quickly.迅速下楼。. 3. for short/ short for(1)for short 意为“缩写、简称、简言之”,多作状语。The teacher told us to write the text for short.老师让我们缩写课文。(2)short for “是的缩写”,一般作表语。如:“Youd” is short for “You would” or “You had”.“Youd”是“You would”或“You had”的缩写形式。从G.1. get/ turn/ grow/ become/ be这五个词作连系动词,都有“变化”的意思。(1)get较口语化,表示进入或变成某种状态,通常与形容词或形容词比较级连用,表状态。The days get shorter and shorter.日子变短了。(2)turn 有“成为和以前完全不同的东西”的含义,后接形容词或过去分词。The trees turn green in spring.在春天,树变绿了。(3)grow表示逐渐变为新的状态的含义、着重变化过程。My little brother is growing tall.我的小弟弟长高了。(4)become用法较为正式,强调由一种状态向另一种状态的变化。后接形容词或名词。He has become a doctor.他成为一个医生了。(5)be表示“成为”的意思,多用于将来时,祈使语气或不定式。如:I want to be a teacher when I grow up.长大后我想成为一名教师。. 2. go to bed/ go to sleep/ fall asleep/ be asleep(1)go to bed 表动作,指“去睡觉”。(2)go to sleep也表动作,指进入“睡着”状态。(3)fall asleep表动作,意为“刚刚入睡”,指“刚睡着”这动作。(4)be asleep表状态,意为“睡着的”。例如:He fell asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.他刚睡着,这时有人大声敲门。The baby has been asleep for an hour.这孩子睡着一个小时了。He found it difficult to go to sleep.他发现很难入睡。从H.1. how often/how soon/how long/how far这几组词都是用来提问时间或长度的但用法不同。how long意为“多长/久时间”,是对句子“for”,“since”,“fromto”等表示一段时间的状语的提问,可用于过去时,将来时或完成时。如:-How long will he be away? 他要离开多长时间?-He will be away for two days.两天时间。-How long have you been a teacher? 你当老师多久了?-For about ten years.大约10年了。注意:how long引导的句子动词一般为延续性动词。how soon意为"某事多快能发生或完成",常对句子中的in时间状语进行提问。如:-How soon will the building be finished?大楼过多久才能完工?-In a month.一个月吧。how often意为"多长时间一次,每隔多久",是对句中的often, usually, every day, sometimes, never, once a week等表示频率的副词提问,多用于一般现在时。如:-How often do you go to see a film?-Once a week. -你多长时间看1次电影?-1周1次。how far 是对距离的提问,意为“长达千米/米”等。如:-How far is it from here to the park?It is two kilometers.-从这里到公园有多远?两千米远。. 2. hard / hardly(1)hard adj.& adv. 作形容词时,有“难的”,“硬的”意思,作副词时,有“努力地”、“猛烈地”等意思。We must work hard for our country.我们必须为祖国努力学习。It rained hard yesterday.昨天雨下得很大。(2) hardly adv. “简直不”、“几乎不”,在句中起否定作用。I could hardly write at that time.那时我几乎不会写字。. 3. hear/ hear of/ hear from(1)hear 为及物动词,“听到”,表结果。I can hear you clearly.我能清楚听到你说的话。(2)hear of = hear about 为不及物动词,指某人间接地“听别人说起”,如:I have heard of the writer but I have never seen him.我听人们说起这位作家,但没见过他。(3)hear from 一般后接 sb. 指“收到来信”。如:Have you heard from Jim? 你收到吉姆的来信了吗?4. hear sb. doing sth. / hear sb. do sth.(1)hear sb. doing sth. 结构中为-ing作宾语补足语,指动作在进行当中。如:I hear him talking next door.我听到他正在隔壁房间讲话。(2) hear sb. do sth.这里do sth.为宾语补足语,指动作已发生,完成了,意思是“听到某人做了某事”,动作不再呈现,只能靠想象或回忆来叙述发生的事情。如:I heard her sing the song yesterday.昨天我听见她唱这首歌。(3)大多数的感官动作(如see、watch、notice等)都可以用于这两种结构,但意义是不相同的。要注意加以区别。. 5. have/ have got(1)在英语口语中,常用have got 代替have ,作“有”解。I have a bike. = I have got a bike.其否定式为:I dont have a bike. = I havent a bike.I havent got a bike. ()I dont have got a bike. (×)其疑问形式为:Have you a bike? / Have you got a bike?Do you have a bike? ()Do you have have a bike? (×)(2)在下列情况下不能用have got来代替have。A. 在情态动词,助动词或动词不定式之后, 只能用have,不用have got。如:May I have some more tea? 我可以再喝点茶吗?Would you like to have another apple? 你想再吃一个苹果吗?. B. 在过去时,完成时或进行时中,不用 have got, 而用have。如:Li Hong had a problem.李红有一个问题。I have had the bike for three years.我买这辆自行车已经3年了。C. 固定短语中不用have got。have a rest/ a swim/ a wash/ a drinkhave lunch, have a meeting, have a party, etc.