行政事业单位内部会计控制工作之我见译文(1).doc

行政奇观单位内部司帐把持任务之我见前言1992年委员会赞助Treadway委员会结构(COSO)发布了内部把持整合框架(原框架)。原框架已掉掉落了广泛的接受跟广泛应用的世界各地。它被认为是一个要紧框架方案,实现,跟标准化的内部把持跟评估内部把持的有效性。二十年以来盗梦空间的原始框架,业务跟operat-ing状况有了分明的变卦,变得越来越复杂,techno-logically驱动跟全球。同时,益处相关者更投入,寻求更大年夜的透明度跟咨询责制的内部把持系统的完整性,支持业务决定跟治理的结构。COSO特不欢乐现在更新内部把持整合框架(框架)。COSO框架认为将使结构可以有效地开拓跟爱护系统的内部把持,可以提高的可以性实幻想体的目的跟适应业务跟经营环境的变卦。有阅历的读者会觉察特不多熟悉的框架,这是树破在已经被证明有效的原始版本。它保存了核心的定义内部把持跟内部把持的五个组件。需求考虑的五个组件来评估内部把持系统的有效性仍然funda-mentally波动。不的,框架接着夸大年夜治理揣摸方案的要紧性,实施,并停顿内部把持,评估内部把持系统的有效性。同时,该框架包括加强跟澄清,目的是缓解跟应用次序应用。更要紧的一个改进是标准化的全然不雅观点,介绍了在原本的框架。现在的框架,这些不雅观点原那么,与五个组件相关系,为用户供应清晰的方案跟imple-menting系统内部把持跟理解恳求有效的内部把持。框架已经加强了财政报告的目的扩大到包括其他要紧的报道方法,如非金融跟内部报告。的框架反响了考虑非常多业务跟经营状况的变卦在过去的几多十年里,包括:预期治理监督全球化市场跟把持商业需求变卦跟更大年夜的复杂性跟复杂性在法律、规那么、规则跟标准预期才能跟岗位职责的应用,跟依靠,展开技能期望有关防范跟检测敲诈举动实行提纲供应了一个高层次概述用于董事会direc-tors,首席实行官跟其他低级治理人员。谁人框架跟Appen-dices出版集的框架,包括内部把持的定义,有效的内部把持恳求包括组件跟相关原那么,各级治理跟倾向方案、实施,停顿内部把持跟评估其有效性。包括框架内跟附录出版十章,形成框架。框架内附录,附录出版供应参考,但不认为是一个框架的一部分。说明性的货色来评估内部把持系统的结垢供应了模板跟场景,在应用框架可以是有效的。除了框架,内部把持内部财政报告:一个大年夜纲的方法跟例子已经发布同时供应有效的方法跟例子,说明谁人框架的组件跟原那么提出可以应用在准备内部财政报表。COSO之前发布了指导监控内部把持系统来帮助结构理解跟应用监控活动在一个内部把持制度。尽管谁人指导是为了帮助在原始框架应用,COSO认为更新的框架也有类似的有用性。COSO可以,在今后,咨询题其他文件在应用框架供应援助。然而,不论是内部控制内部财政报告:大年夜纲的方法跟比方,指导监控内部把持制度,也不任何其他过去或未来优先于该框架的指导。在其他出版物出版的COSO企业风险治理集成框架(ERM框架)。ERM框架跟框架的目的是互补的,也替代。然而,尽管这些框架差异,供应差异的核心,他们重叠。ERM框架包括内部把持、与几多个部分的原始框架内复制的文本文档。ERM框架仍然是一个可行的跟适合的框架,方案,实施,实行跟评估企业风险治理的有效性。最后,COSO委员会要感谢普华永道跟咨询委员会的贡献展开框架跟相关文档。全部供应的输入consid-eration非常多益处相关者跟他们的洞察力有助于确保原始框架的核心下风已经跟加强保存,clari-fied在理论司帐任务中应当每隔必定时辰就要停顿对司帐人员的岗位轮换。以防止出现以霸术私的现象,从而可以确保单位的内部司帐把持制度可以掉掉落严峻实行。如斯一来既使司帐人员即能熟悉并把持各个岗位的业务流程假设司帐人员只是单一的把持自己岗位的业务流程,又可以提高司帐人员的专业技能。,那么有一天不知哪个岗位的司帐人员因有事或者扶病不克不迭任务,那么谁人岗位的业务就不方法停顿,可以会导致全部财务部分的任务无法畸形停顿。相反,假设每个司帐人员都能把持差异岗位的业务流程,那么即使有一个岗位的司帐人员有事不克不迭任务,那么其他的司帐人员也能停顿谁人岗位的业务把持,如斯就会使财政部分的任务流程顺利运转。1、任何制度全然上要由具体的人去实行的,内部司帐把持实行的结果怎么样开门见山阻碍到奇观单位人员业务素养的高低,阻碍到内部司帐把持制度的主动性跟自觉性的高低。因此要加强奇观单位的内部司帐把持,就要加强对奇观单位指导干部的监督,树破严峻决策集团讨论、决定审批制度,如斯可以防止奇观单位的要紧指导干部对内部司帐把持制度不重视的现象,从而有利于加强奇观单位的内部司帐把持。2、财政人员是内部司帐把持制度的实行者，提高内控相关任务人员的素养，尤其是司帐任务人员的素养。在内部控的实行过程中承担的要紧任务，要敢于监督，要使内部司帐把持掉掉落有效的实行。因此一个科学的内部司帐把持制度必须是由一支高素养人员形成的司帐队伍。通过加强对司帐人员的接着教诲来提高司帐人员的素养跟业务水平,加强业务技能，用专业知识武装头脑，深化去领会司帐法律法则，把深造业务知识、提高业务跟管理素养作为生涯跟展开的要紧任务，树破一生深造的不雅观点，熟悉把持单位业务，确保单位司帐信息的真实性跟残缺性，并要加强对司帐相关人员的职业品格教诲，恳求司帐人员严峻约束自己，非分之想不想、非分之财不取非理之事不为。足踏实地服务，堂堂正正做人，加强其社会任务感跟内控看法，严于律己，业务过硬。强化奇观单位的内部把持制度不克不迭单单仅借助于内部的逼迫力量,更要紧还要从内部抓起,要充分发挥集团的客不雅观能动性,使每集团都能遵守职业品格,主动去实施内部控制制度。只需内外结合,才能保证内部把持有效的实行。3、在加强内部把持的过程中,应发挥审计人员的感染,树破相对独破的内审小组,活期对单位实行内部审计,以觉察咨询题及时矫正,从而加强奇观单位的内部把持。其次司帐人员的素养高低会将会开门见山阻碍司帐信息质量，加强对司帐人员的监督跟治理，提高司帐队伍的全部素养，是强化单位内部司帐把持的肯定恳求。各级司帐人员跟司帐治理人员都要加强紧迫感跟任务心，除了自身主动深造新知识、新技能外，其所在单位也应供应需求的物力财力，支持司帐任务，改进执业状况。财政部分也要加强会计业务培训，树破起集团、单位、财政三位一体的司帐人员接着教诲的长效机制。IsawtheadministrativeworkunitinternalaccountingcontrolForewordIn1992theCommitteeofSponsoringOrganizationsoftheTreadwayCommission(COSO)releaseditsInternalControlIntegratedFramework(theoriginalframework).Theoriginalframeworkhasgainedbroadacceptanceandiswidelyusedaroundtheworld.Itisrecognizedasaleadingframeworkfordesigning,implementing,andcon-ductinginternalcontrolandassessingtheeffectivenessofinternalcontrol.Inthetwentyyearssincetheinceptionoftheoriginalframework,businessandoperat-ingenvironmentshavechangeddramatically,becomingincreasinglycomplex,techno-logicallydriven,andglobal.Atthesametime,stakeholdersaremoreengaged,seekinggreatertransparencyandaccountabilityintegrityofsystemsofinternalcontrolthatsupportbusinessdecisionsandforthegovernanceoftheorganization.COSOispleasedtopresenttheupdatedInternalControlIntegratedFramework(Framework).COSObelievestheFrameworkwillenableorganizationstoeffectivelyandefficientlydevelopandmaintainsystemsofinternalcontrolthatcanenhancethelikelihoodofachievingtheentitysobjectivesandadapttochangesinthebusinessandoperatingenvironments.TheexperiencedreaderwillfindmuchthatisfamiliarintheFramework,whichbuildsonwhathasprovenusefulintheoriginalversion.Itretainsthecoredefinitionofinternalcontrolandthefivecomponentsofinternalcontrol.Therequirementtoconsiderthefivecomponentstoassesstheeffectivenessofasystemofinternalcontrolremainsfunda-mentallyunchanged.Also,theFrameworkcontinuestoemphasizetheimportanceofmanagementjudgmentindesigning,implementing,andconductinginternalcontrol,andinassessingtheeffectivenessofasystemofinternalcontrol.Atthesametime,theFrameworkincludesenhancementsandclarificationsthatareintendedtoeaseuseandapplication.Oneofthemoresignificantenhancementsistheformalizationoffundamentalconceptsthatwereintroducedintheoriginalframe-work.IntheFramework,theseconceptsarenowprinciples,whichareassociatedwiththefivecomponents,andwhichprovideclarityfortheuserindesigningandimple-mentingsystemsofinternalcontrolandforunderstandingrequirementsforeffectiveinternalcontrol.TheFrameworkhasbeenenhancedbyexpandingthefinancialcategoryofobjectivestoincludeotherimportantformsofreporting,suchasreportingnon-financialandinternaltheFrameworkreflectsreporting.Also,considerationsofmanychangesinthebusinessandoperatingenvironmentsoverthepastseveraldecades,including:ExpectationsforgovernanceoversightGlobalizationofmarketsandoperationsChangesandgreatercomplexitiesinbusinessDemandsandcomplexitiesinlaws,rules,regulations,andstandardsExpectationsforcompetenciesandaccountabilitieson,evolvingtechnologiesU搜索引擎优化f,andrelianceExpectationsrelatingtopreventinganddetectingfraudAnExecutiveSummaryprovidesahigh-leveloverviewintendedfortheboardofdirec-tors,chiefexecutiveofficer,andotherseniormanagement.ThisFrameworkandAppen-dicespublicationsetsouttheFramework,includingthedefinitionofinternalcontrol,requirementsforeffectiveinternalcontrolincludingcomponentsandrelevantprinciples,anddirectionforalllevelsofmanagementindesigning,implementing,andconductinginternalcontrolandinassessingitseffectiveness.IncludedwithintheFrameworkandAppendicespublicationaretenchaptersthatconstitutetheFramework.AppendiceswithintheFrameworkandAppendicespublicationreference,butarenotconsideredapartoftheFramework.TheIllustrativeprovideToolsforAssessingEffec-tivenessofaSystemofInternalControlprovidestemplatesandscenariosthatmaybeusefulinapplyingtheFramework.InadditiontotheFramework,InternalControloverExternalFinancialReporting:ACompendiumofApproachesandExampleshasbeenpublishedconcurrentlytoprovidepracticalapproachesandexamplesthatillustratehowthecomponentsandprinciplessetforthinthisFrameworkcanbeappliedinpreparingexternalfinancialstatements.COSOpreviouslyissuedGuidanceonMonitoringInternalControlSystemstoassistorganizationsinunderstandingandapplyingmonitoringactivitieswithinasystemofinternalcontrol.Whilethisguidancewaspreparedtohelpinapplyingtheoriginalframework,COSObelievesthatithassimilarapplicabilitytotheupdatedFramework.COSOmay,inthefuture,issueotherdocumentstoprovideassistanceinapplyingtheFramework.However,neithertheInternalControloverExternalFinancialReporting:ACompendiumofApproachesandExamples,GuidanceonMonitoringInternalControlSystems,noranyotherpastorfutureguidancetakesprecedenceovertheFramework.AmongotherpublicationspublishedbyCOSOistheEnterpriseRiskManagementIntegratedFramework(ERMFramework).TheERMFrameworkandtheFrameworkareintendedtobecomplementary,andneithersupersedestheother.Yet,whiletheseframeworksaredistinctandprovideadifferentfocus,theydooverlap.TheERMFrameworkencompassesinternalcontrol,withseveralportionsofthetextoftheoriginalframeworkreproducedwithinthatdocument.TheERMFrameworkremainsaviableandsuitableframeworkfordesigning,implementing,andconductingandassessingtheeffectivenessofenterpriseriskmanagement.Finally,theCOSOBoardwouldliketothankPwCandtheAdvisoryCouncilfortheircontributionsindevelopingtheFrameworkandrelateddocuments.Theirfullconsid-erationofinputprovidedbymanystakeholdersandtheirinsightwereinstrumentalinensuringthatthecorestrengthsoftheoriginalframeworkhavebeenpreserved,clari-fied,andstrengthenedIntheactualaccountingworkshallbeconductedatregularintervalstojobrotationofaccountingpersonnel.Topreventthephenomenonofabusepowerforpersonalgains,sothattheycanensurethattheunitinternalaccountingcontrolsystemcanbeimplementedstrictly.Sothatbothmakeaccountingpersonnelcanbefamiliarwithandmasterthevariouspositionsofthebusinessprocess,andcanimprovetheprofessionalskillsofaccountingpersonnel.Ifaccountingpersonnelonlyasinglemasterofbusinessprocesses,theirposition,soonedayIdonotknowwhichpositionsofaccountingpersonnelcannotworkbecau搜索引擎优化fsomethingorgetsick,sotherewasnowaytoforthepostofbusiness,mayleadtothenormalworkofthefinancedepartment.Onthecontrary,ifeachaccountingpersonnelcanmasterthebusinessprocessofdifferentjobs,evenifthereisaposttheaccountingpersonnelhavesomethingdoesn'twork,thenotheraccountingpersonnelalsocanundertakethejobofbusinessoperations,thiswillmaketheworkoffinancialdepartmentprocesssmoothly.1.Anysystemistobeexecutedbyaspecificpersonto,howtheresultsoftheinternalaccountingcontroldirectlyaffectthebusinessunitpersonnelprofessionalqualityofhighandlow,influencetheinternalaccountingcontrolsystemoftheinitiativeandself-consciousness.Inordertostrengthentheinternalaccountingcontrolofenterprises,therefore,muststrengthenthesupervisionofinstitutionofleadingcadres,toestablishasystemforcollectivediscussion,decidedtoexaminationandapprovalformajordecisions,sothatyoucanavoidbusinessunitofthemainleadingcadresdonottakethephenomenonoftheinternalaccountingcontrolsystem,whichishelpfultostrengthentheinternalaccountingcontrolofenterprises.2.Financialpersonnelistheexecutoroftheinternalaccountingcontrolsystem,enhancethequalityofinternalcontrolrelatedwork,especiallythequalityofaccountingpersonnel.Intheprocessoftheimplementationoftheinternalcontrolofimportantresponsibility,daretosupervise,tomaketheimplementationofinternalaccountingcontroleffectively.Soascientificinternalaccountingcontrolsystemmustbecomposedofahighqualitypersonnelaccountingteam.Throughstrengtheningthecontinuingeducationofaccountingpersonneltoimprovethequalityofaccountingpersonnelandbusiness,tostrengthenthebusinessskillsandmindarmedwithprofessionalknowledge,profoundtounderstandaccountinglawsandregulationsandthelearningbusinessknowledge,improvethequalityofthebusinessandmanagementastheprimarytaskofthesurvivalanddevelopment,setuptheconceptoflifelonglearning,familiarwithbusinessmasterunit,ensuretheunitoftheaccountinginformationauthenticityandintegrity,andtostrengthentheprofessionalethicseducationofaccountingpersonnel,accountingpersonnelstrictdisciplineyourself,lotsofdon'twantto,notofmoneydon'ttakethingsoff.Worksteadfast,adignifiedlife,enhancetheirsen搜索引擎优化fsocialresponsibilityandtheinternalcontrolconsciousness,discipline,business.Strengtheninginstitutionsofinternalcontrolsystemcannotonlywiththehelpoftheexternalforce,onlymoremainlyfromtheinternal,togivefullplaytothesubjectiveinitiativeoftheindividual,makeeveryonecanabidebytheprofessionalethics,initiativetoimplementtheinternalcontrolsystem.Onlyincombination,toensurethatthepracticeofinternalcontroleffectively.3.Instrengtheningtheinternalcontrolprocess,shouldplaytheroleoftheauditor,toestablisharelativelyindependentinternalauditteam,tocarryoninternalauditunitonaregularbasis,tofindproblemsinatimelymannertocorrect,tostrengtheninternalcontrolinstitution.Secondlyaccountantsdiathesiswilldirectlyaffectthequalityofofaccountinginformation,strengthenthesupervisionandadministrationaccountingpersonnel,improvetheoverallqualityofthecontingentofaccounting,istheinevitablerequirementofstrengtheningtheinternalaccountingcontrolunit.Accountingandaccountingmanagementpersonnelatalllevelsshouldstrengthenthesen搜索引擎优化furgencyandthesen搜索引擎优化fresponsibility,inadditiontotheiractivelearningnewknowledge,newskills,itsplaceunitshouldalsoprovidethenecessary,materialandfinancialresourcestosupportaccountingwork,improvethepracticeenvironment.Financialdepartmentalsomuststrengthentheaccountingbusinesstraining,establishapersonal,unit,financialaccountingpersonneltocontinueeducationofthetrinityoflong-termmechanism.