初二下册语法总会.doc

初二（下）主要语法点一、 简单句的五种基本句型 (module 1)1、 主语+谓语（vi.）(+状语） Birds fly (in the sky).2、 主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语(+状语） I bought a very good book (yesterday).3、 主语+谓语（vt.）+间接宾语+直接宾语(+状语） My father bought me a bike (on my birthday).4、 主语+系动词+表语 These flowers are very beautiful. (常见的系动词有appear,become, feel, keep, look, run, turn, smell, remain等）5、 主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语+宾补 I can hear someone playing the violin next door.二、 宾语从句（module2)三种类型：that, whetherif 和疑问词引导的宾语从句。1、 that 引导的宾语从句（1）当陈述句充当宾语时，用that引导。That 在从句中只具有语法功能，不充当句中任何成分。She said (that) she could lend me the book.(2) that 引导的宾语从句,其主语的谓语动词大多表示观点、看法、要求等，如believe, feel, hear, hope, think, promise, report, say, see, tell, warn等。例句： I believe (that) we could become good friends. I hope (that) you'll feel better tomorrow.(3) that引导的宾语从句，其谓语动词也可以是系动词be+afraidsorrysuregladangryworried等。如： I'm worried that she may lose the game. I'm afraid that you will be late.2、 whetherif 引导的宾语从句 （用陈述语序）（1） 表达一个不确定的概念，如“记不清”“不知道”“想知道”等。（2） 一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互换，但如果从句后还有or not 的话，一般选用whether, 构成whethert.or not的结构。如： I dont know whether he will come or not.3、疑问词引导的宾语从句（1）疑问代词引导的宾语从句 (用陈述语序)疑问代词what, who, whom, whose, which等，在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，不能省略。 I dont know which way we should take. (定语) Can you tell me what you have done? (宾语)（2）疑问副词引导的宾语从句 (用陈述语序) 疑问副词where, when, how, why等，在宾语从句中作状语，不可省。 The lady wants to know where the station is. He doesnt know why he likes it. 宾语从句注意事项1、 语序原句式连词从句语序陈述句that不变一般疑问句Ifwhether改为陈述语序特殊疑问句特殊疑问词改为陈述语序2、 时态 如果主句谓语动词为现在时，则从句谓语动词根据实际情况来定，如： He says he will go back tomorrow. I think they have already gone to Beijing. 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，则从句谓语动词的时态用相应的过去时。如：现在进行时过去进行时，现在完成过去完成，一般将来过去将来注：对于客观事实和自然现象，这一规律除外，如： He said that the sun rises from the east.三、 动词不定式和动名词作宾语 (module 3)1、 to+v.作宾语表示： 将来的动作或行为； 一时性的具体的动作。2、 v-ing作宾语表示： 经常性、一般性的动作或行为； 正在进行的动作或行为； 动 作已经发生。3、常见的可以接to+v.作宾语的动词有want, hope, wish, try, manage, ask, offer, decide, promise等。如： They decided to buy a bike. I hope to go with you.4、 常见的可以接v-ing作宾语的动词有admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, excuse, finish, keep等。如： I like siwmming. She avoids meeting the headmaster in the campus. 有些动词可接to+v.或v-ing作宾语，但表达的意思不一样，如： I like running, but I dont like to run in such a cold weather. 我喜欢跑步，但不喜欢在这么冷的天跑。（like running表示一种习惯，而like to run表示具体的动作。）此类动词有begin, start, fear,like, love, stop等。 I remember borrowing the book, but I dont remember to return it to the library.(remember borrowing表动作已经发生，remember to return表示动作尚未发生。)此类动词有remember, forget, regret，hate等。四、 直接引语变为间接引语 (module 6,module 7)1、直接引语中的陈述句在间接引语中变为以that引导的宾语从句。如： Tom said, “I like apples.” Tom said that he liked apples.2、直接引语中的祈使句在间接引语中变为动词不定式构成复合宾语（即转换为asktellorder.sb to do sth 这样的结构）。 如： “Come in and sit down, please.” Mary said to us. Mary toldasked us to come in and sit down. 3、疑问句的转述(把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序)（1）一般疑问句和反义疑问句ifwhether引导的宾语从句，如： He asked,“Do you know the boy?” He asked me ifwhether I knew the boy.（2）特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，如： He asked, “How do you go to school?” He asked how I went to school. 直接引语变为间接引语需要注意： 人称的变化（口诀：一主，二宾，三不变）一主：若直接引语中的主语是第一人称，则变成间接引语后要与主句的主语人称一致。如： She said,“I like running.” She said that she liked running.二宾：若直接引语中的主语是第二人称，则变成间接引语后要与主句的宾语人称一致。如： He told Kate,“You have beautiful smile.” He told Kate that she had beautiful smile.三不变：若直接引语中的主语是第三人称，则在间接引语中保持不变。如： They said, “He should work harder.”They said that he should work harder. 谓语动词时态的变化若引述动词为一般过去时，间接引语中的动词时态一般推移到过去时间，如： Tony said,“It is an exciting film.” Tony said (that) it was an exciting film.（一般现在时一般过去时） 其他变化（指示代词，时间状语，地点状语，动词等）此外，当直接引语表示客观真理时，原来的时态不变，如： He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” He said that the earth travels around the sun.五、 状语从句 (module 4,5,8,9,10)1、条件状语从句if引导的条件状语从句可放句首或句末，if引导的是一个完整的句子。 if +祈使句，如：If it rains tomorrow, stay at home. if +陈述句，如：If you dont go, you may lose a good chance. 如果主句用一般将来时，if条件从句用一般现在代替将来时；如：If she works hard, she will succeed. 条件状语从句中的if不能用whether来替换。3、 时间状语从句 whenwhile 引导时间状语从句，表“当时候”。其中，when 可接短暂性动词或延续性动词，但while只可接延续性动词。如： When the weather is fine, I like to go out for a walk. Do not make any noise while I am recording. until引导时间状语从句，表示一个动作一直持续到某一刻。如： It rained until midnight.此外，until常与not连用，此时多用短暂性动词，如： He didnt leave until the rain stopped. not until放于句首时，主句部分应用倒装。如： Not until all the people had left did the manager go home. beforeafter引导时间状语从句,如：Mother always prepares supper before I come back from school. as soon as 引导时间状语从句，表“一就”，强调动作紧密相连。其引导的从句用一般时态代替将来时态。如：We will begin to work as soon as we get there.4、 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句主要由because引导，从句可置于句首或句末。如： He failed in the exam because he was too careless.此外，because可用于强调结构，和only, not, just连用。如： He was punished only because he broke the law. 他就是因为违反法律才受到惩罚。4、目的状语从句 常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词有so that, in order that等，so that多置于句末，有时可省that. in order that可置于句首或句末。如： Speak louder so (that) we can hear you. I walk quickly in order that I can catch the bus.5、结果状语从句一般由so连接，表示由于某个原因所以才做某事，如： He wanted to help people so he became a doctor. 目的状语从句的时态表示未来、可能性；而结果状语从句的时态表示已经发生的事情。如： He got up early so that he could get there on time.(表可能性) Its hot, so we all went to swim. (表结果)6、让步状语从句Although引导让步状语从句，表“尽管（但是）”如： Although hes poor, hes happy. although 不能和but连用。六、 would表“想象”的用法常用于想象自己在未来可能会做什么。如： I would have two wings and then fly to the moon. 我想有一对翅膀飞到月亮去。