商务英语翻译4被动语态从句长难句ppt课件.ppt

商务英语翻译4被动语态，从句，长难句ppt课件 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望 英语的一个显著特点是广泛使用被动语态，在科技文章中尤为如此。以下面一段英语文章为例，在14个谓语动词中，13个使用的是被动语态。As oil is found deep in the ground,its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“drilling rig（钻塔）”is assembled（装配）.The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called“a derrick（油井的铁架塔）”.It is used to lift sections of pipe,接上文which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.As the hole is being drilled(钻孔）,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.If oil is struck,a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.Comparison between the English Version and the Chinese Version of the paragraph:As oil is found deep in the ground,its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定石油的有无。Consequently,a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out.因此，对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil,a“drilling rig（钻塔）”is assembled.如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装钻机。The most obvious part of drilling rig is called“a derrick（油井的铁架塔）”.钻机中最显眼的部件叫井架。It is used to lift sections of pipe,which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。As the hole is being drilled,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.当孔钻成时，放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。If oil is struck,a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.如果发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，使石油通过一系列阀门流出。通过对比可以看出：英文翻译成中文时，中文中很少使用被动语态;英语中含有被动语态的句子在汉语翻译过程中要变成主动句，这样才能符合汉语译文的习惯。英语被动语态通常用于以下5种情况：主语不明或不必提及 Rice is chiefly grown in the south.为特殊目的强调动作实施 The song was composed by a worker.为文体需要避免结构转换造成的衔接不当 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.用于礼貌与修辞的被动态 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.不必提及动作实施者 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.1.英语的被动句译成汉语的主动句 将英语的被动句译成汉语的主动句主要有四种方法：1.1.原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语，但原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语，但不表示被动意义。不表示被动意义。Language is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.语言由人的思想形成，并影响人的思想。Levis jeans were first introduced to(引进到）the East,apparently,during the dude-ranch craze（农场度假热潮）in the 1930s.李维的牛仔裤最初引进到东部显然是在20世纪30年代的农场度假热潮中。1.2.译成汉语语的主动句译成汉语语的主动句 汉语中的“是的”结构可以表示被动态。The computer program was designed by non-professional programmer.这个程序是非专业程序设计员设计的。The financial information provided by an accounting system is needed by managerial decision makers to help them plan and control the activities of the economic entity.会计系统提供的金融信息对于帮助管理层决策人员制定计划和控制该经济实体的活动而言是不可或缺的。1.3.原文中的主语在译文中作宾语原文中的主语在译文中作宾语They were attended from morning to night by female helpers,wives and nurses and secretaries.从早到晚，都有妻子，护士，秘书这样的女帮手服侍他们。I was truly dumbfounded（惊呆的）by this deep fury that possessed her whenever she looked at me.她一见我就这么气势汹汹，真把我惊呆了。句型：It（形式主语）+谓语+that从句 在译文中常译为主动形式，有时不加主语，有时加上不定的主语，如“有人”,“人们”，“大家，”“我们”等。不加主语不加主语 It is hoped that 希望 It is supposed that 据推测 It is reported that 据报道 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说 It has been identified that 已经确认1.4.常用被动句型的翻译常用被动句型的翻译可加主语可加主语It is asserted that 有人主张It is believed that 有人相信It is generally considered that 大家认为it is well known that 众所周知It is generally agreed that 人们普遍认为It is widely misunderstood 人们普遍存在误解It has become increasingly understood that 人们越来越清楚地认识到2.英语被动句译成汉语的被动句 将英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，这一类句子都是着重被动的动作，他们大体分为两类：一类是不带表示被动意义的标记，另一类带表示被动意义的标记。常见表示被动意义的标记词有：常见表示被动意义的标记词有：被，由，给，把，让，受，为，遭，所，获，使，加以，予以，蒙 等，翻译时可酌情选择。2.1.译成汉语带有表示被动意义的标记词译成汉语带有表示被动意义的标记词2.1.1译成汉语的译成汉语的“被被.，给，给，受，受，遭遭”例如：例如：The company was enjoined from(禁止使用）using false advertising.这家公司被禁止使用虚假广告。Pure oxygen must be given to patients in certain circumstances.在特定情况下必须给病人输纯氧。Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 100 years.去年该地区遭受了100年来最严重的旱灾。Those who performed deeds of merit will be rewarded.立功的人将受到奖励。2.1.2译成汉语的译成汉语的“把把，由，由，为为,让让”The new theory has now been adopted by many scientists who are searching for life in outer space.这一新理论已为许多寻找外层空间生命的科学家所采纳。Every country will be represented by its prime minister.各国都由其总理代表。Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.那家有名的旅馆几乎让一场大火毁灭。2.1.3 汉语习惯表达汉语习惯表达:“为为所所,加以加以,予以予以,蒙蒙”等，属于书面语等，属于书面语,具有文学色彩。具有文学色彩。The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn wind.茅屋为秋风所破。She is intoxicated with sweet words.她 为花言巧语所陶醉。The question will be discussed in the next chapter.这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。The problem must be dealt with at the appropriate time.这个问题必须在适当的时候予以处理。2.1.4 译成译成“是是的的”Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.彩虹是在阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。The first explosive in the world was made and used in china.世界上最早的炸药是在中国制造和使用的。The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先采用的。3.译成汉语主动句的方法译成汉语主动句的方法 英语被动语态译成汉语主动句时，要采取某种特殊的变通手段“消解”原文中的被动语态。通过改变原文的措辞或表达方式，化被动句为主动句。In the course of my travels in America,I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise(心神不安，忧郁症)which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformers.我在美国旅行期间，注意到了一种根深蒂固的忧郁症。我觉得这种忧郁症似乎极其普遍，这就给社会改革家出了难题。Another example:Each year,more than 250 million items of Levis clothing are sold-including more than 83 million pairs of riveted(钉了铆钉的）blue jeans.每年，李维服装的销售量超过2.5亿件，-其中包括8，300万钉铆钉的蓝色牛仔裤。4.英语中意义上的被动句，英语中意义上的被动句，形式上的主动句形式上的主动句This kind of products sell like hot cakes.(=are sold)这种产品很热销。The clock winds up at the back.(=can be wound up)这个表从后面上发条。She dresses beautifully.(=is dressed)她穿衣服很漂亮。The room filled rapidly.(=was filled)房间很快就满了。This kind of cloth washes very well.(=can be washed)这种布料很好洗。The book is printing.(=is being printed)这本书正在印刷。The plan is working out.(=is being worked out)这个计划正在实施。AssignmentTranslate the two paragraphs into English:传真机在我国的使用已十分普及，并已成为重要的现代通讯终端设备。据估计，2012年中国市场对传真机的需求量为300万台，国内产量仅能满足约30%的需求，进口机将占据市场的主导地位。目前国内市场上的传真机90%以上是进口货，其中80%来自日本。面对这种情况，国内已有20多家生产企业组装生产传真机，并开始投放市场。上海理光传真机公司生产的产品已经开始返销日本，并已开发出一种具有无纸接收功能的新颖传真机。Chapter Ten Translation of English Clauses英语从句的翻译英语从句的翻译 英语汉语都有复合句。英语复合句由主句和从句构成，英语从句包括定语从句，名词性从句，状语从句，其中一些从句的翻译可按原文的语序处理，但大部分从句的翻译要靠句子的合并和语序的调整。汉语的复合句主要分为联合复合句和偏正复合句两类。翻译汉语复合句时，关键在于抓住句子的重心，将主要信息译成英语的主句，其余部分视情况可分别用分词、动名词、不定式、介词短语等来翻译。与英语复合句相比，汉语句子较为简短、零散、语序较为固定，翻译时要视情况把复杂冗长的英语复合句转化为汉语流水句。下面我们分别学习各种从句的翻译方法。1.定语从句的翻译 Translation of Attributive Clause 英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性定语从句两种。两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者则很弱。从英汉定语结构对比可以看出，英语的定语从句绝大部分置于被修饰词语之后，而汉语中所有的定语成分都置于被修饰词语之前，不涉及限制意义的强弱。因此，在英译汉时，英语定语从句长句不宜译成汉语中的定语，最有效的方法是将其化整为零，分成一个个小短句分别处理。而如果英语定语从句较短，则可以译成汉语的定语。英语定语从句的翻译方法一般分为三种：组合法，分译法和顺承法。1.1.组合法组合法（Combination）英语中的限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句都可以采用组合法进行翻译。这种翻译法可以避免松散的句子结构和上下衔接。组合法就是把复杂的英语定语从句译成“的”结构。This is the reservoir that we built after the flood last year.这就是去年洪水过后我们修建的水库。“的”结构置于它所修饰的名词之前，作名词的定语。例如：In addition to visible trade,which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods,there is also invisible trade,which involves the exchange of services between nations.除了这种进出口有形商品的有形贸易以外，还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。1.2.分译法分译法（Division）分译法就是把冗长复杂的定语从句分而译之。它可分为三种：（1）主、从句分开翻译，重复先行词）主、从句分开翻译，重复先行词 Day light comes from the sun,which is a mass of hot,glowing gas.日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热发光的气体。Another Example:But the important thing to remember is that in the modern world we must give people skills which will prepare them for the changingworld of manufacturing and production whichis now upon us.我们必须向人们传授技术本领，掌握这些技术本领就可以使他们为应对我们眼下所面临的不断变化着的生产制造领域做好准备。（2）主、从句分开翻译，不重复先行词）主、从句分开翻译，不重复先行词She sent me an English-Chinese dictionary,which I kept to this day.她送给我一本英汉词典，我一直保存到今天。The Multilateral Agreement on Investment(MAI)aims to achieve a situation where foreign investors are not discriminated against,but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.多边投资协定的目标是要达到这样一种境界外国投资者不受歧视，但他们仍和国内投资者一样要受实体法规的管制。3)主、从句分开翻译主、从句分开翻译,把把“which”转换为人转换为人称代词或指示代词称代词或指示代词Electronic computer,which makes it possible to free man from the labor of complex computation,has found wide application in engineering.电子计算机已在工程行业广泛应用，它使人们能够摆脱复杂的计算工作。They turned a deaf ear to our demands,which enraged all of us.他们对我们的要求置若罔闻，这使我们很气愤。1.3.顺承法顺承法/混合法混合法(Mixture)这种翻译方法是将英语主句和定语从句合为一个中文句子，按照中文顺序翻译出来。此类方法多用于“there be”句型的翻译。We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化1.4.定语从句译成状语从句定语从句译成状语从句 一些定语从句在复合句中含有状语从句的作用，与主句有表示原因，结果，目的，时间，条件，让步等的逻辑关系。在翻译这类句子时，要考虑译成相应的状语从句。如：He would have to be careful not to offend the foreman,who would give him the sack（粗布袋，解雇）at any time.他得小心谨慎，不敢得罪工头，因为工头随时都可以炒他的鱿鱼。（原因）There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.只要有坚强意志，就没有克服不了的坏习惯。（条件）The scientist,who was dog-tired（筋疲力尽的）,went on with the experiment.那位科学家虽然已筋疲力尽，但仍继续进行实验。（让步）Private schools in the United States have a wide range of programs that are offered to meet the needs of certain students.美国私立学校课程种类繁多，从而满足某些学生的不同要求。（目的）2.英语名词从句的翻译 英语名词从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类。这些从句的翻译一般按照原文的语序处理。不过，在翻译以“it”为形式主语或形式宾语的主语从句或宾语从句时，语序往往应作调整。我们重点选择同位语从句的翻译讲解。英语中的同位语从句是一种名词性从句。它有别于定语从句。首先，通常它多用 that 引导；其次，同位语从句前边的名词往往是一个表示某种概念的概括性名词，如 view,hope,belief,idea,order,suggestion,question,conviction,message等；再者，同位语从句所阐述的内容是对它前面那个概括性名词的具体化。同位语从句的翻译主要有三种方法：2.1.保持原来的语序保持原来的语序She had no idea why she thought of him suddenly.她不明白自己为什么突然想起他。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.拖延应由他负责这个事实是改变不了的。The fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many things.地球引力把一切东西都吸引向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。2.2.先把同位语从句前面的名词翻译成：先把同位语从句前面的名词翻译成：“这这样的样的/这种这种/这一观点这一观点/希望希望/信念信念/主意主意 /命令等命令等,然后在该短语后加然后在该短语后加“：”,接着翻译同位语本身。接着翻译同位语本身。The liberalization debate is a debate over ideas and ideals,and it matters enormously that we spread the message that market liberalization forms part of the answer to the concern of citizens,rather than being a cause of their misgivings.自由化的辩论是一场理念与理想的辩论，我们要传播这样的信息：市场自由化是解决公民忧虑的部分答案而不是造成他们担忧的原因。Another example：Canada has long subscribed to（同意）the view that no state should use its territory or allow it to be used in such a way as to injure the environment of another state or of the“international commons”.长期以来，加拿大一直持这样一种观点：任何国家都不应该利用自己的领土或允许别国利用其领土来破坏另一国家或“国际社会”的环境。2.3.在观点在观点/希望希望/信念信念/主意主意 /命令等之后使用逗命令等之后使用逗号，接下去以号，接下去以“即即”（也就是）翻译同位语从也就是）翻译同位语从句。句。Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this“waste”material could be turned into plastics.不久前，科学家做出了激动人心的重大发现，即废物可以变成塑料。I will share with President Carter my conclusion that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind.我要把我的结论告诉卡特总统，即为了我们两国人民的利益，为了全人类的利益，我们两国一定会共同发展。3.状语从句的翻译状语从句的翻译 英语状语从句根据功能的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、方式、目的等状语从句，翻译的关键在于要处理好主从句之间的逻辑关系，把它们放在合适的位置。其方法如下：3.1.保持原从句的位置不变保持原从句的位置不变We will let you use the room provided that you keep it clean and tidy.(条件状从）我们可以让你使用这房间，如果你能保持房屋清洁的话。Exercise is as good a way as any to lose unwanted weight.(比较状从）运动是跟其他减肥方法一样好的方法。Disabled as was Paul,he tried his best to serve the people.（让步状从）保罗虽然残疾，他仍竭尽全力为人民服务。Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and Han River meet.(地点状从）武汉位于长江和汉水交叉处。3.2.从句位于主句前从句位于主句前We can certainly overcome the difficulties as long as we are closely united.只要我们紧密团结，就一定能克服困难。(条件状从）3.3.将一种状语从句转换成其他种类的状语从句将一种状语从句转换成其他种类的状语从句Though not at substance yet in form,economic reforms are a nation-wide revolution.如果不就内容而就形式而言，经济改革是一场全国范围的革命。(让步 条件）I invite your urgent and immediate cooperation in the work before the conflict between two nations enters a more dangerous phase.我请求你们对工作给予刻不容缓的合作，以免两国间的冲突进入更危险的阶段。(时间 目的）Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.在体力达不到时，技巧和耐心会帮人成功。(地点时间）If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue,it is putting themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.孩子们之所以把母语学得很好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中，而不单单是读几本教材而已。(条件 结果）Why did you give up when you could make it?既然你能成功，为什么还要放弃呢？(时间 原因）Assignments:1.Do Exercise One of Page 99.2.Pick out the appositive clauses from the paragraph in Exercise Two of Page 99 and copy their Chinese translation.3.Pick out the adverbial clauses from the three paragraphs in Exercise Three of Page 99 and copy their Chinese translation.第十一章第十一章 英语难句和长句的翻译英语难句和长句的翻译Translation of Long and Difficult Sentences 翻译长句时，首先要弄清原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层 的意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系（因果、时间顺序），再按照汉语特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的意思，不拘泥于原文的形式。长句的译法主要有下列几种：（一）顺序法；（二）逆序法；（三）分译法；（四）综合法。1.顺序法（顺序法（Keep the Original Sequence）有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作上基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排，也有些按照英语长句的内容的逻辑关系安排，这与汉语表达方法比较一致，因此翻译时一般可按原文顺序译出。看下面的例子：even if she had long lost blue eyed,flower-like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely(清秀的，标致的）and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly（微弱地）mottled（斑驳的，杂色的）,and whose grey-blue eyes has acquired a certain fullness.译文：如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色眼睛的、花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种玉洁冰清、苗条多姿的气质和那苹果似的颜色二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿班驳，而灰蓝的眼睛也已经有点儿饱满了。2.逆序法（逆序法（Reversing）有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须从原文后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。例如：Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch!按照汉语先发生的事先叙述，以及条件在先结果在后的习惯，这个句子可逆着原文顺序译出。译文：当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the president-that is,of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.译文：译文：如果我们采取行动以便能够继续与中东问题各方始终保持接触，那么我们美国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平作出贡献。这就是我们的观点。3.分译法分译法/拆译法拆译法(Splitting)拆译是指原文句子过长，同时又含有多层意思，而主句和从句或修饰部分之间的关系又不很紧密，如果在译文中用一个句子对原文进行翻译，反而会引起句意混乱，这时就需要拆译。拆译的目的是为了使翻译的句子意思表达清楚明了。In the first half of this century Shanghai served as the industrial,trade,financial and commercial center of the country,which attracted many foreign investors as a mysterious oriental city and an adventurers paradise.译文：译文：本世纪上半叶的上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业的中心，有着远东大都会浪漫传奇的历史，吸引过不少外来投资者，因而一度成为“冒险家的乐园”。This land,which once barred（阻挡）the way of weary travelers,has now become a land for winter and summer vacations,a land of magic and wonder.译文：译文：这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假圣地，风光景物，蔚为奇观，而从前,精疲力竭的旅客只能到此止步。4.综合法综合法(comprehensive method)有些英语长句子顺译感觉不便，分译也有困难，这时就应仔细推敲，或按时间先后，或按逻辑顺序，有顺有逆、有主有次地对全句进行综合处理。看下面的例子：What the New Yorkers would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive（压制的，沉重的）and distasteful（厌恶的）about New York-its rawness,tension，urgency，its bracing competitiveness，the