英国社会与文化复习重点.pdf
Unit 1 1. The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2. The UK is made up of England , Scotland ,Wales and Northern Ireland. Q: What are the three most descriptive words you associate most with British people? Reserved ， modest ， humorous Unit 2 1. Queen Elizabeth is “Defender of the faith”, because she is the supreme governor of Church of England and defends the freedom of the faith.她是英国教会的最高统治者，扞卫信仰自由2. The executive power is in the hands of Prime Minister. 3. Nicknames of the kings or queens: Mary , Elizabeth , Richard , Edward , William Mary - Bloody Mary （Because of the numbers of protestants executives ）Elizabeth- Virgin Queen （Because she never married. ）Richard -the “ lion heart” （Because he was famous for his exploits in the third Crusade. ）Edward -long shanks （because he had long legs ）William -the conqueror（he?was?the?victor?at?the?Battle?of?Hasting ）Q: What are the queens state functions? The Queen approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet.女王批准任命部长，并组建内阁 The Queen summons Parliament and introduces the session with a speech from the Throne in which she summarizes the government s program.女王召唤议会并用一场演讲介绍政府计划 The Queen gives her assent to Bills before they become law. 法案成为法律之前要得到女王的同意 The Queen concludes treaties and declares war , makes appointments to all offices of State and Church , dismiss Parliament when the government has been defeated or has reached the end of its term , and chooses a new Prime Minister. 宣布战争 The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life. 关心国民生活 The Queen signs documents and receives ambassadors and important visitors from abroad.外交Unit 3 1. The constitution: statue laws, common laws and conventions. statue laws : passed by Parliament common laws : be established through common practice in the courts conventions : which are rules and practices which do not exist legally , but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government. 2. The parliament today consist s of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 3. Life peers: the Lords have been appointed by the sovereign , at the suggestion of the Prime Minister.上议院由君主任命 ,在总理的建议4. MP: the member of Parliament who is elected by and represents an electoral district of Britain known as a constituency.由选举产生的议会议员，代表英国的一个选区，被称为选区5. Political party: Conservative Party , Labor Party Conservative Party: Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady) Labor Party: Tony Blair Unit 6 Q: How do students in Oxford and Cambridge study? What do you think of their method?Students at Oxford and Cambridge do not usually attend daily lectures and labs. Everyone studies either independently or in small groups guided by weekly sessions with a tutor. Tutors assign weekly essays or short projects to track student progress. After three years, all students take exams and write research papers. A faculty committee decides if they have learned enough to graduate.在牛津和剑桥的学生通常不参加日常的讲座和实验室。每个人都在独立或小组的指导下，每周与导师指导的会议。导师分配每周的论文或短的项目来跟踪学生的进步。三年后，所有的学生参加考试和写研究论文。由教师委员会决定他们是否能够毕业。Unit 8 1. Two kinds of daily papers: the quality press质量新闻 , the gutter press 低级报刊 . Q: What are the major difference between “the quality press” and “the gutter press”?The quality press carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews and feature articles about high culture and will generally be read by a well-educated ,middle class audience. 质量新闻进行更认真和深入的文章，特别是政治和社会的重要性。他们还进行了高文化的评论和功能的文章，通常会被一个受过良好教育的中产阶级观众阅读The gutter press deal in scandals and gossip, usually about famous people ,whether in politics, sports or entertainment, and carry lots of crime , sports and sensational human interest stories . The stories are short , easy to read and often rely more on opinion than fact.新闻报道中的丑闻和八卦新闻，通常是名人，无论是在政治、体育或娱乐，并进行大量的犯罪，体育和轰动的人类利益的故事。故事很短，很容易阅读，往往比事实更依赖于意见。2. BBC(P77) The British Broadcasting Corporation-more familiarly known as the BBC or even the Beeb-is Britains main public service broadcaster. It was founded in1927 as a public service radio station, and later moved into TV. The BBC is funded by license fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set. The international arm of the BBC is the BBC World Service , which broadcasts in English and 43 other languages throughout the world. 英国国家广播公司俗称英国广播公司甚至“处理”是英国主要的公共服务广播。它成立于1927 年作为一种公共服务广播站，后来搬到电视。英国广播公司是由许可费和观众的资金必须购买一个许可证，每年为他们的电视机。英国广播公司的国际部门是英国广播公司的世界服务，它在世界各地的英语和其他43 种语言广播Unit 13 England: Guy Fawkes Day November 5 to celebrate the preservation of the British monarchy and Parliament Scotland: Hogmanay - the New Year s Eve to welcome the coming of the New Year Burns Supper 25th January to celebrate their beloved national poet Robert Burns Northern England: St.Patrick s Day-March 17 to celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland. (The shamrock is a popular symbol to wear ) Wales: the Eisteddfod-August to celebrate their culture and their language Q: Is it all right for the Chinese people to observe western festival? Why or why not? Unit 14&15 Key point：Famous writes and masterpieces 1. Old English Literature: the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf 盎格鲁 -撒克逊 贝奥武夫2. Middle English literature：Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales 杰弗里 -乔叟 坎特伯雷故事集3. Elizabethan Drama Christopher Marlow-Doctor Faustus 克里斯托弗 -马娄浮士德博士Ben Jonson本-琼生William Shakespeare tragedies : Romeo and Juliet , Julius Caesarcomedies :The Taming of the Shrew , The Templeshistory plays: Richard , Richard , Henry , Henry Four Great Tragedies : Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , Macbeth Four Great Comedies : The Merchant of Venice , A Mid-summer Night s Dream , As you like it , Twelfth Night 【Shakespeare 】1)Shakespeare was born in 1564 and he wrote 38 plays and 154 sonners. 2)His works look at common human themes, such as betrayal, murder, lust, power, ambition, love. 3)To be , or not to be.Hamlet4. The 17th century Francis Bacon He was a public figure and statesman , rising to the high post of Lord Chancellor. John Milton-the twin poems “ L s Allegro ” , “ Penseroso”约翰弥尔顿快乐的人沉思的人Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained 失乐园， 复乐园5. The 18th century Jonathan Swift-Gullivers Travels Robert Burns-Holy Willies Prayer , To A Mouse , To A Louse Daniel Defoe-Robinson Crusoe 6. Romantic period the first third of the 19th century Romantic Poets: William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lyrical Ballads （romantic poetry s Declaration of Independence）Byron ,Shelley ,Keats -brought the Romantic Movement to its height ByronDon JuanShelley- Ode to the West Wind If winter comes , can spring be far behind? Keats-Ode to a Nightingale , Ode on a Grecian Urn Novelists: Jane Austen-Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Emma , Northanger Abbey the last of the 18thcentury novelists because of her crisp , controlled studies of manners Charlotte -Jane Eyre Emily -Wuthering Heights Anne-Agnes Grey （the least important of the three）Victorian Literature William Makepeace Thackeray-Vanity Fair Charles Dickens-David Copperfield , Oliver Twist , Great Expectations , A Tale of Two Cities George Eliot-Middlemarch ,The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner Oscar Wilde-The Ballad of Reading Gaol ,The happy Prince , The Picture of Dorian Gray , Salome , The Important of Being Earnest Thomas Hardy-The Return of the Native , Tess of the Ds Urbervilles , Jude the Obscure 7. The first half of 20th century (James Joyce) William Butler Yeats-At the Hawks Well（He helped found Dublins Abbey Theatre .In 1923, he received the Nobel Prize for literature. ）George Bernard Shaw- Man and Superman , Major Barbara , Pygmalion , Mrs. Warrens Profession （His Comic talents and immense output earn this brilliant Irishman the rank of leading English-Language playwright after Shakespeare. ）Joseph Conrad- Lord Jim , The Heart of DarknessA Room with a View , Howards End , A Passage To IndiaJames Joyce- Ulysses（He is regarded as one of the leading writers of modern times. He was the first to make major use of stream of consciousness the free flow of language revealing one persons thoughts , feelings and memories.）Sons and Lovers（He felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life.）Virginia Woolf-The WavesKatherine Mansfield-Bliss , The Garden Party
