2022年高二全册的英语语法知识点.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高二全册的英语语法学问点重点语法构词法：在英语中,词的构成方法主要有三种,即合成、转化和派生；1.合成法 把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法,也叫合词法；1合成名词highway 大路2合成形容词hand-made 手工制作的good-looking 相貌好看的dark-blue 深蓝3合成动词ill-treat 虐待mass-produce 大规模生产safe guard 保卫4合成副词however 然而downstairs 在楼下something 5合成代词anybody nobody 2.转化法 转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类；1动词转化为名词 常用 give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组,表示一个动作；eg: give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座 have a talk 谈话 take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 make a wish 许愿2形容词转化为副词 How long is the road ？那条路有多条？形容词How long have you been working there. 你在那里工作了多久？副词3形容词转化为动词 eg: The storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半；The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们渐渐寂静了下来了；4名词转化为动词 eg: The hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐 2000 人；The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票；5形容词转化为名词Something has gone wrong with the tool. 工具出了点毛病； 形容词Little children didnt know the difference between right and 小孩子不能区分是非； 名词3.派生法 派生是由词根加词缀前缀、后缀构成新词；除少数前缀外,前缀一般只转变词的意义,不转变词性；后缀一般只转变词性,不引起词义的变化；名师归纳总结 前缀例词第 1 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - a-构成形容词、副词Alive 活着的 , abroad在国外 , alonedis-否认discourage, disagreeen-使可能enrich, enable使成为可能 ,endangerin-ill, im-, ir- 不,非inter- 相互,之间invisible 看 不 见 , illogical 不 合 逻 辑 的 , impossible, irregular 不规章的international, interchangemis-误mislay, misunderstand误会 ,mislead误导re-重复,再recycle循环 ,remarry, rewritetele-远程telephone, telegraph, telecommunications电信un-不,non-不,非unfair, unknown, noon-conductor 非导体后缀-er 者例词foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader-ese 地方的人Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese名-ian 精通的musician, technician技术员, African, Asian人, 地方的人-ist 专业人员pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist词-ment 性质,状态movement运动 , development, encouragement-ness性质,状态-or 器具, 者illness, shyness, sadness, business tractor, visitor, professor, actor名-tion 表示动作、过程、结果ageneration世代,suggestion, invention, 词actionpractical有用的 ,international, final 形 American, Italian, Australian 容 southern, northern, eastern 词 helpful, useful, harmful reasonable, capable, eatable foolish, British, English selfish active, native本族的 ,expensive, adoptive windy, sleepy, healthy, sunny careless, selfless 无 私 心 的 ,harmless, useless名师归纳总结 动-fy 使 化simplify 简化 , terrify 恐吓 , satisfy词-ize 使 成为realize 实现, organize, stabilize, modernize副-ly 表示方式、程度badly, truly, angrily, suddenly词-wards表示方向towards, backward, outwards向外数-teen 十fourteen, eighteen, thirteen词-ty 整十位数forty, fifty, eighty, twenty-th 序数词twelfth, twentieth, fourth第 2 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,如可能、义务、必要、推测等；但本身词义不完全,不能单独做谓语动词,必需和动词原形连用；情态动词没有人称和数的变化；每一个情态动词都有自己的详细含义,都有自己的使用特点；1. can：才能、可以、会；表“ 许可” 时可代替may,但 may 比较正式；eg: Most young men can use computers. 大部分年轻人会用电脑；2. could: can 的过去式,也可表示语气委婉；eg: Could you wait for a while ？请你等一会儿好吗？3. be able to:才能；比 can 有更多的形式, 但表示过去胜利地做了某事时只能用 was/were able to,不能用 could；eg: He was able to reach Mount Qomolangma in 1982.他在 1982 年胜利地登上珠穆朗玛峰；4. may：许可、可能 eg: You may borrow the back numbers. 你可以借过期期刊；may 的否认形式： may not,但表示“ 不行以” 或“ 禁止” 时用May I watch TV now. 我现在能看电视吗？No, you mustn t. 不,你不行以看；may 仍可以表示估计；eg: must not eg: There may be a few copies left in the bookstore.书店里可能仍有几本；5. might: may 的过去式；用于估计时语气更加不愿定；eg: He might be at home today. 今日他可能在家；6. must：必需；表示说话人的主观意志；have to 表示客观需要；且比must 有更多的时态形式；eg: We must hand in our papers today.主观看法今日我们必需把卷子交上去；We have to get there before dark. 客观需要天黑前我们必需到达那里；对 must 引导的问句作否认答复经常用neednt或 dont have to；eg: Must I leave now.我现在必需走吗？No, you needn t. You dont have to. 不,你不必；7. shall：在疑问句中用于第一、三人称,表示征求看法或恳求指示；eg: Shall I turn off the power. 要不要我把电源切断？shall 用于二、三人称表示命令、警告或承诺；eg: You shall be punished.你会受到惩处的；8. should:应当； ought to:义务、责任,语气稍重一些；eg: You should keep your promise. 你应当遵守你的诺言；We ought to help them when they are in trouble. 当他们有麻烦时,我们有责任帮忙他们；9. will: 表示意愿 eg: I will stop smoking. 我要戒烟；在疑问句中用于其次人称表示询问和恳求；eg: Will/Would you please do me a favor. 请帮帮忙好吗？10. would: will的过去式,表示提出恳求时语气较委婉；第 3 页,共 19 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1在下面的句型中要用 would, 不用 will ；Would you mind if I smoke a cigarette. 我能抽一支烟吗？Would you like to have a look at the house.你想看一看这房屋吗？2但在否认句中用 will ,不用 would；eg: Wont you sit down.你不坐一会儿吗？3would 可表示过去的习惯动作,可和 eg: used to 互换,但 used to 表示现在不存在的习惯；When I was in Shanghai, she would tell me about the great changes there. 当我在上海时她总是 对我讲上海的庞大变化；He used to drink alcohol, but now he drinks beer. 他过去喝白酒,但现在喝啤酒；11. need 与 dare: 既可作情态动词也可作实义动词；一般在确定句中作实义动词,在否认句 和疑问句中作情态动词；eg: Dare you go out alone at night.dare 是情态动词 晚上你一个人敢出去吗？The bike needs to be repaired.need是实义动词 这辆自行车需要修理；12.情态动词 +have done 表示对过去发生事情的估计；1may/might have done 表示“ 可能”要用 might；eg: might 语气动听；但主句中动词为过去时态,肯定He said she might have missed the train. 他说她可能没赶上火车；2could have done 表示“ 原来能够做某事”；eg: You could have succeeded. 你本能够胜利； 事实是失败了； 3cant/couldn t have done 表示“ 不行能发生某事”；eg: He thought his son couldnt have taken all the tablets. 他认为他儿子不行能把药全都吃了；4must have done表示“ 确定发生了某事”；eg: The windows look bright and clean today. Some must have cleaned them. 窗子这么洁净光明,肯定有人擦过了；5should/ought to have done 表示“ 本应当做某事”；eg: You should have kept the matches under lock and key.你应当把火柴保管好； 带有责任的意思6neednt have done本没有必要做某事；eg: t have hurried.There was plenty of time, so she needn时间很充裕,她本不用匆忙忙忙的；13.某些固定结构中情态动词用法；1had better+动词原形,否认形式为：had better not doeg: You had better go to school at once.你最好马上去上学；2would rather+ 动词原形,否认形式为：would rather not doeg: I would rather do it right away. 我宁可立刻就做；被动语态一被动语态被动语态常用在没有必要或不行能说明动作的执行者的句子中；被动语态的构成是be+动词名师归纳总结 第 4 页,共 19 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 的过去分词,应当留意的是：语法变化要在be 动词上表达,助动词放在be 动词前；下面 5 个例句均选自近年来全国高考英语试卷；请同学们依据上下语境,仔细体会各种时态中的被动语态的用法；1.一般现在时的被动语态 eg: I need one more stamp before my collection is completed. 2.现在完成时的被动语态 eg: I ve been told the sports meet must be put off. Yes, it all depends on the weather. 3.现在进行时的被动语态 eg: Have you moved into the new house. Not yet, the rooms are being painted. 4.一般过去时的被动语态 eg: I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5.过去完成时的被动语态 eg: The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 有时在被动语态的句子后面加上by+动作的执行者,有时在被动语态的句子后面加上with+动作的手段、方法或工具；eg: He was killed by a falling stone. 他被一块掉下来的石头砸死了；He was killed with a knife. 他被人用刀子杀死了；二习惯上不使用被动语态的几种情形1.不及物动词 词组 如：happen, remain, stay, appear, fall, rise, belong to, break out, take place 等；2. draw, read, sell, wash, write, open, wear 等作不及物动词用,常用主动表被动；eg: eg: The door wont open. 门打不开；3.不定式在 easy, difficult, fit 等形容词之后作状语时,常用主动形式而不用被动形式；His speech isnt easy to understand. 他的演讲不易懂得；4.在 need, want, require 等动词后,用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义也可用不定式的被动式；eg: The matter wants looking into.=The matter wants to be looked into. 这件事需要调查；The bike needs repairing.=The bike needs to be repaired. 这辆自行车需要修理；5.在形容词 worth 后面用动名词的主动形式表被动,不行接不定式；但可用 be worthy to be done 或 be worthy of being done. eg: The book is worth reading The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再次阅读；The book is worthy of being read 6.不定式作定语时, 假如句子的主语或宾语是不定式的规律主语,不定式用主动形式表示被 动意义；eg: I have something important to do. 我有重要的事情要做；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 非谓语动词一不定式1时态的构成 不定式常用的时态有；一般式、完成式和进行式；其构成为：一般式： to do 完成式： to have done 进行式： to be doing 2时态的用法 不定式所表示的动作与句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,不定式用 to do 形式；不定式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之后,也用一般式；eg: I m glad to meet you. 见到你我很兴奋；My uncle asked me to see him next summer. 我叔叔让我明年夏天去看他；当不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,不定式用完成式,即 to have done；eg: I m glad to have seen your father yesterday. 我很兴奋昨天见到了你的父亲；在 seem, appear, happen, think, consider, believe等词后,有时用不定式的进行时形式 to be doing,表示这些动作发生的同时,不定式所表示的动作或状态也正在进行着；eg: They seemed to be talking about you. 他们好像在谈论你；The two cheats pretended to be working hard. 这两个骗子假装在拼命工作；2.不定式的被动式 动词不定式的被动形式为 to be done；假如不定式的规律主语是动作的承担者,不定式要用被动语态；eg: The students want to be sent to work in our company. 这些同学想分到我们公司工作；3.不定式的主动语态代替被动语态1当不定式与最近的名词代词有动宾关系,而且与句中另一个代词有主谓关系时；eg: He has nothing to do.他无事可做；2不定式在“ 主 +系+表形容词” 结构中作状语且句子主语是不定式的规律宾语时；eg: This work is easy to do. 这项工作很简洁做；3当不定式修饰there be句型中的主语时；eg: There is a baby to look after. 有个小孩需要照料；4.不定式在句中的作用1作主语 eg: To see is to believe. 眼见为实；注：不定式作句子主语时,谓语动词用单数形式；当不定式作主语的句子中又有不定式作表语时,不能用it is to 句型eg: 第 6 页,共 19 页To see is to believe.正确It s to believe to see.错误名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2作宾语 eg: He decided to go home.他打算回家了；3作宾语补足语 eg: I wait for you to decide. 我等你作打算；4作定语表将要发生的行为eg: They have nothing to eat. 他们没有东西吃；5作状语 eg: They are excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息他们特别兴奋；6作表语 eg: Her wish is to become an actress. 她的愿望是成为一名演员；5. Its for sb. 和 It s of sb.1for sb.常用表示事物的特点、特点,表客观形式的形容词,如：hard, easy, interesting, impossible 等 eg: It s hard for him to do this work. 对他来说做这项工作太难了；2of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格、品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, brave, careful, stupid, wise, right 等 eg: It s very kind of you to help me. 你来帮我,你真是太好了；区分方法：用介词后面的代词作主语,形容词作表语造句,如道理上通顺用 of ,不通就用for eg: You are kind.通顺,用 ofHe is hard.不通,用 for 二分词1.形式：现在分词 doing 例： reading, playing 过去分词 done 例： gone, done, said 2.现在分词和过去分词的区分1现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动 eg: The girl sitting on the chair is my sister. 坐在椅子上的女孩是我妹妹；主动The teacher came in, followed by his students. 老师走了进来,后面跟着他的同学；2现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成 eg: a developing country 一个进展中国家a developed country 一个发达国家3.分词的作用1分词作定语：分词前置an interesting story 一个好玩的故事 分词后置通常为词组,个别词如a retired worker 一个退休工人 given, left 常后置修饰不定代词eg: The man standing at the window is our teacher. 站在窗户旁的男人是我们的老师；This is the food left. 这就是剩下的食物；There is nothing interesting. 一点好玩的东西都没有；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 分词作状语：可以表示缘由、结果、条件、让步、相伴状况等,均可转换成相应的状语 从句；相伴状语除外eg: Not receiving any letter, I gave him a call. =As I didnt receive any letter, I gave him a call.；缘由由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. =If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 假设多给些照料,那些树会长得更好；条件3分词作表语 eg: The story is interesting. 那个故事很好玩；He is excited. 他很兴奋；4分词作补语 通常放在感观动词和使役动词后 eg: I found my car missing. 我发觉我的车丢了；I ll have my watch repaired. 我要把我的表修修；注：在 keep, leave, send, have后既可用现在分词构成宾补,也可用过去分词作宾补,现在分 词表处于某种状态,而过去分词表被动；eg: I m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 很愧疚让你等这么长时间；He has his feet injured. 他把脚伤了；非谓语动词 二 1.过去分词、现在分词的被动语态和动词不定式的被动语态作定语的区分：过去分词作定语,表示分词的动作已经完成；现在分词的被动语态作定语,表示分词的动作正在进行；动词不定式的被动语态作定语表示动词不定式的动作将要发生；How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields. 铺张掉的时间The hospital to be built is the biggest one in our city. 将要建的医院The question being discussed now is paid great attention to.正在争论的问题2.非谓语动词常考的内容如下：1考查过去分词作后置定语,表动作的完成；eg: Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 2考查过去分词作宾补,表被动意义；eg: t make himself The speaker raised his voice but still couldnThe murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 3考查动名词的被动结构；eg: What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital. 4考查不定式的一般式的被动语态；eg: Little Tom should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 5考查使役动词的被动语态与带to 的不定式的连用；eg: John was made to work six days a week. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 直接宾语和间接宾语Direct and Indirect Objects1.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用to 置换间接宾语的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, promise, read, write, show, teach, throw, pass, pay, send, wish, sell, return, tell, allow, cause 等；eg: 2.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用for 置换间接宾语的动词有：buy, choose, look, find, get, make, order, paint, play, reach, sing, spare, do, fetch等；eg: 3.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用 of 置换间接宾语的动词有 ask；eg: 4.可接间接宾语和直接宾语且能用for 和 to 或其他介词置换间接宾语的动词有do, leave, play；eg: 注；在以下情形下,只能用直接宾语 +介词结构：当直接宾语是人称代词时 eg: He took off his boots and handed them to the guard. 他把靴子交给卫兵；当强调间接宾语时 eg: Youd better hand the paper to the official directly.你最好把论文直接交给那位官员；当间接宾语比直接宾语长时eg: 第 9 页,共 19 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - He is going to show the picture to the comrade sitting next to him. 他准备把这张画给坐在他旁边的同志看看；当间接宾语为疑问代词时 eg: Who did you send the package to.你把包裹寄给谁了？定语从句一定义 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句；被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词；eg: As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information. 一般说 来,生活中最胜利的人是获得最正确信息的人；二分类 依据定语从句与先行词的关系是否亲密,它可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两 种；限制性定语从句是句中不行缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开；非限制 性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,没有这个从句,不影响主句意思的完整；一般用 逗号分开；eg: Were going to do something thats never been done before.我们要做以前从未做过的事；限制性定从I have lost the pen, which I like very much. 我丢了那支我特别喜爱的笔；非限制性定从三关系词 1. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词：指代对象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主语who, thatwhich, that, asthat宾语whom, thatwhich, that, asthat定语whosewhoseeg: The doctor whom/that you are looking for is in the room. 你正找的那位医生在屋子里；指人,作宾语； A man who/that is perfectly pleased with the present state of things is a failure. 完全满意于现状 的人是个失败者；指人,作主语 Do you know the man whose name is Wang Bing. 你知道那个叫王兵的人吗？指人,作定语The building which/that stands near the river is our shool. 河边耸立的那座建筑物是我们的学校；指物,作主语Is this the book which/ that she was looking for. 这是她刚找的那本书吗？指物,作宾语The building whose windows face south was built last year. 指物,作定语那栋窗户朝南开的楼房是去年建的；注： whom, which 作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在whom/which 之前,也可放在从句原先的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原先的位置上；eg: The room in which there is a machine is the workshop. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 19 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 有机器的那间房是车间；This is the person whom you are looking for. 这是你要找的那个人；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词：指代对象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主语w