考研英语语法-独立主格详解附译文.docx

考研英语语法-独立主格详解附译文一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词，副词， 介词短语，分词，不定式等，在句子中作状语，相当于一个状语从句或 者并列句。它有以下三个特点与一个功能：【特点】(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。(2)名词或代词和后面的形容词，副词，介词短语，分词，不定式存 在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3 )独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不能使用连词。二、使用独立主格结构的考前须知(1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主 格结构取代状语从句，但不再保存连词。如：contemptuous （表示轻蔑的）desirous （渴望的）envious （羡慕别人的）expressive （表情丰富的）forgetful （健忘的）imaginative （富于想象的）perceptive （感觉敏锐的）persuasive （能说服的,有说服力的）respectful （表示尊敬的）tolerant （容忍的,容许的）客观意义,如：contemptible （轻视的,卑劣的）desirable （值得要的，想要的）enviable （令人羡慕的）expressible （可表达出来的）forgettable （可忘记的）imaginable （可想象出来的）perceptible （可感觉的）persuasible （可说服的，听话的）respectable （可敬的）tolerable （可容忍的）例句：The authors are witheringly contemptuous of thebogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate /zclean desk” policies.分析：该句是简单句。译文：作者毫不留情地批评了将整洁与道德相等同的做法，例如，公司内"清 洁办公桌”的政策。We should be alert to the possibility thatindividuals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuseof their contemptible means and selfish interests.分析：该句是复合句,that individuals , organizationsor governments tend to.作 possibility 的同位语。译文：我们应当警惕这种可能性：个人、组织或政府以高尚的目标作为他们采 取卑劣手段和获取私利的借口。三、the+形容词（分词形容词）the+形容词（分词形容词）表示一类人或一类事物，后接谓语动词复数。如：the poor （穷人）the blind （盲人）the deaf （聋子）the few/the many （少数人/多数人）the dying （奄奄一息的人）the killed （死了的人）the oppressed （被压迫的人们）the aged , the weak , the sick and the disabled （老弱病残）the living（活着的人）例句：The old are cared well in a home for the poor andaged.译文：老人在养老院里得到了很好的照料。例句：The poor are very happy, but the rich are sad.译文：穷人很快乐，富人却不快乐。少数词接单数动词,如：the departed/the deceased （死者），the beautiful （美好的事物），the unexpected （意外情况）。例句：The deceased has been sent to the funeral parlor.译文：死者已经被送往殡仪馆。四、复合形容词有些形容词由两局部或更多局部组成，称为复合形容词，如:three-year-old child （三岁的孩子）six-storied building （六层的楼房）one-eyed donkey （一只眼的驴）其他如：prep. /adj. /n. /adv.+p.p.（分词）off-putting （令人讨厌的）nit-picking （找茬的,吹毛求疵的）free-living （生活无拘束的）hard-wearing （耐穿的）star-crossed （命运不佳的，倒霉的）tender-hearted （心肠软的，慈善的）well-intentioned （善意的，好心的）例句：People who live in small towns often seem morefriendly than those living in densely populated areas. （1999 年第 27 题）分析：该句是复合句,其中those living.相当于those who live in.o译文：住在小镇上的人似乎往往比住在人口稠密地区的人更为友好。例句：In this way these insects show an efficient useof their sound-producing ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a highrate as one call. （1997 年第 16 题）分析：该句是简单句，organizing two sounds delivered作伴随状语。译文: 通过这种方式这些昆虫能展示它们高超的发音功能，在很高的频率下发 出两种声波作为一次鸣叫。五、一些本身有比拟意义的形容词英语中绝大多数形容词都可以用来表示比拟意义，但有一局部形容词本 身已经带有比拟的含义，因此这些词没有比拟级和最高级形式。例如：only, mere, sole, extreme, supreme, perfect, single,real, utmost, eternal, principal, chief, main, empty, matchless, unique,wonderful, square 等。例句：My favorite radio song is the one I first heardon a thick 1923 Edison disc I stumbled upon at a garage sale. （2001 年第 22 题）分析：该句是复合句，I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc 与 I stumbled upon at a garage sale是两个定语从句，分别修饰theone 和 Edison disco译文: 在一次现场旧货出售中我偶然碰到一张1923年的爰迪生唱片，从那张 唱片上我第一次听到了我最喜欢的广播歌曲。六、比拟结构（一洞级比拟形式为：as+（形容词或副词）原级+（名词）+as.例句：Critics also argue that commercial genetictesting is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample iscompared.（选自 2009 年 Text 2）分析：该句是复合句，that commercial genetic testing.作 argue 的宾语, to which a sample is compared 是一个修饰 the reference collections的定语从句。译文：批评家们还指出，商业基因检测的好坏取决于用于样本比照的参考样本 的好坏。例句： Scientists generally agree that the Earth'sclimate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed inthe 2,000 years since the Ice Age.分析：该句是复合句"hat the Earth's.Ice Age作agree的宾语从句。译文：科学家们普遍认为，地球气候未来50年到100年的时间里会变暖，变 暖的程度与自冰河世纪以来的2 000年的时间里变暖的程度一样。（二）优劣比拟.优等比拟。形式为：比拟级+than例句：It's a message even more bitter than a clovecigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.（选自 2006 年 Text 4）分析： 该句是简单句,even more bitter than修饰 a messageo译文: 读这一消息的滋味甚至比抽丁香烟还要苦，但却不知怎么地带来了一股 清新的气息。例句：These recordings are cheap, available everywhere,a nd very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances;moreover, they can be “consumed“ at a time and place of the listener's choosing.（选自 2011 年 Text 1）分析：该句是由分号连接的并列句。前一个分句中含有形容词的比拟级;后一个 分句中副词moreover表示递进关系。译文：这些录制音乐价格低廉，到处可以买到，而且其艺术品质往往比当今的 现场演奏要高出许多。它们可以在听众所选择的任何时间和地点被"享 用"。1 .劣等比拟。形式为:.not so (as)+原级+as.=less+原级 + than After class was over (=Class being over/Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。 在以下两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being(或having been )不能省略：a.独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼 拜。b.在There being +名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽 车，所以我们不得不步行回家。(3)在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不 用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进 了课室，手里拿着一本书。例句：According to several studies concluding thatparents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the leasthappy of all.（选自 2011 年 Text 4）分析： 该句是简单句,其中,分词短语concluding that parents are lesshappy than childless couples 作后置定语，修饰 studies ,从句that parents are less happy than childless couples 又充当 concluding 的宾语。译文: 结论为为人父母者不如无子女者幸福的多项研究说明，单亲父母 最不幸福。例句：Their lives are no less empty than those of theirsubordinates.分析：该句是简单句,其中those代表liveso 译文:他们的生活同其下属一样空虚。（三）最高级表示.优等比拟。形式为：the+最高级+单数名词或one +of （in短语）/that从句（仅限于 形容词）。例句：It soon becomes clear that the interiordesigner's most important basic concern is the function of the particularspace.分析： 该句是复合句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为thatthe interior designer's most important.0译文: 室内设计者最基本的关注点就是某一特定空间的功能，这一点很快就清木木, XE J o例句：I believe that the most important forces behindthe massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process:falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investmentbarriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable ofmeeting customers' demands.（选自 2001 年 Text 4）分析：该句是复合句,主干局部为I believe that., that requireenlarged.demands 是修饰 fallingtransportation.andenlarged markets 的定语从句,形容词短语 capable of meetingcustomers' demands 修饰 operations，其中 be the same that.意为".与是相同的"。译文：我认为引起这场大规模合并浪潮的最重要的力量与导致全球化的力量 是相同的：运输与通信费用下降，贸易与投资障碍减少，市场扩大。这 一切都需要扩大业务往来以满足消费者的需求。1 .劣等比拟。形式为：the+least+原级+（单数名词或one）+of（in短语）/that从句（仅限于形 容词）。例句：In class, she is the least talented girl inmastering foreign language that I have ever taught.分析：该句是复合句,that I have ever taught是修饰girl的定语从句。译文：她是我在班里教过的在外语学习方面最缺乏天分的女孩。2 .比拟级表示最高级含义。形式为：比拟级+ than any other+单数名词。例句：The campus of this university is much morebeautiful than any other campus.译文： 这所大学的校园是最漂亮的。3 .最高级形容词前加定冠词the ,但作表语不和他人或物作比拟时, 可省去the。例句:I have been busiest these days for writingpapers.译文：写论文的这些天是我最忙的时间。（四）同类比拟 同类事物才能放在一起作比拟，不同类的不能放在一起进行比拟，例如：Are your jobs more important than Jack?（说法错误。你的工作不能和Jack比拟;应该是和Jack的工作相比拟， 因此该句正确的说法为：Are your jobs more important than Jack's?）The climate of Shanxi Province is much better thanHenanProvince.（说法错误。山西的气候不能和河南省比拟；应该是和河南省的气候相比 较，因此该句正确的说法为：The climate of Shanxi Province is much better than that ofHenanProvince.）例句：Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religiouscommitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along thecoast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.（选自 2009 年 Text 4）分析： 该句是复合句,其中主干是 many settlers had slighterDane's 后省略了 religiousreligiouscommitments than Dane's。commitment z as one clergymanlearned是一个方式状语从句 zwho mocked是一个修饰 folk 的定语从句，they had not come to the New Worldfor religion是that引导的宾语从句，作mock的宾语。(比拟 with 的复合结构:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.)(4)独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了 ,我 开始开会。(比拟动名词复合结构：The chief-editor' s arriving made us very surprised.)(5)独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生 在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐 好后，音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。三、关于分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，假设不一致，那么应改用其他句型。如： 误:Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.正:Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car.过马路时 他被车撞倒了。关于分词的独立主格结构正:When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down.他 过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一 个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代 词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。如：The job finished, we went home.工作结束后我们就回家了。The weather being fine, we went swimming.天气很好,我们就去 游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldn't be done.由于他缺席，什么事 也干不成。一、作定语的形容词1.绝大局部形容词既可作定语又可作表语，但少数形容词只能作定语, 放在名词前。常见的有：daily ,weekly ,monthly ,former Jatter,woolen ,wooden;也有少数形容词只能作表语，置于be后，这些表语形容词一般以字母a开头。如：afraid alive alone alike ashamed awake aware asleep afire例句：This alone demonstrates that the television businessis not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that showthat out of 80 European television networks, no less than 50 took a loss inl989. （2005 年第 48 题）分析：该句是复合句,含有多个从句，a fact underlined by statisticsthat 后接一定语从句，show后又接一宾语从句，其中noless than可译为 "不少于，至少"；take a loss译为"亏本,赔本"。译文: 仅这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事，统计数字尤 其说明了这一事实：在欧洲国家的80个电视网络中，多达一半的公司 在1989年亏损。2 .作定语的形容词一般用作前置修饰语，但在以下情况中，形容词作 后置定语。(1)名词词组的中心词为some , any , no等构成的合成词。例如：I'd say whenever you are going after somethingbelonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it iscriminal. （1997年第21题）分析：该句是复合句,从句 who is depriving you of the right tohave it 作 anyone 的定语,whenever youare going after something belonging to you作say的宾语从句中的状语。译文：我想说无论什么时候当你追求某种属于你的东西时，任何想剥夺你拥有 它的权利的人都是在犯罪。(2)带有不定式、介词短语等的形容词短语。例句：Any student careful enough to take the exam issure to succeed in the end.分析：该句是简单句，careful enough to take the exam 作定语修饰 studento译文：参加考试的任何一位学生只要足够细心最终就一定会取得成功。（3）某些形容词作后置定语。present available Jnvolved concerned ,martial（军事的），general , proper等作后置定语,如：the member present （出席的成员）court martial （军事法庭）Secretary General （秘书长） 例句：I was unaware of the critical points involved, somy choice was quite arbitrary. （1998 年第 37 题）分析：该句是复合句。译文：我没有意识到问题的关键所在，因此我的抉择十分武断。例句：There were many people present and he appearedonly for a few seconds, so I only caught a glimpse of him. （1998 年第 22 题）分析：该句是复合句。译文：来的人很多，而他只到场一会儿，所以我只见了他一眼。3 .表度量的形容词。例句：There is a heavily polluted river 100 meters longin front of our small playground.分析:该句是简单句。译文: 我们小操场前有一条长100米被严重污染的河。4 .形容词并列用作定语时的位置。限定词一数量（序数前、基数后）一形状一大小、长短、高低等度量一新 旧一颜色一国籍T材料 例句：I have never seen these beautiful round multicolored Chinese cloisonne（景泰蓝）vases in my first threeyears in China.分析：该句是简单句。译文：在中国的最初三年中，我从来没有见过这些颜色各异的圆形中式景泰蓝 花瓶。二、主客观意义易混淆的形容词 主观意义，如：